بازپژوهش احکام ارتداد از منظر فقه امامیه مقاله

ﺷﺒﻬﻪﺍﻓﻜﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﻋﻘﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻳﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ، ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﺭﺗﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ. ﺍﺭﺗﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ‬‬‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ »ﺭﻭﻳﮕﺮﺩﺍﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﻼﻡ«.‬‬‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻧﺒﻮﻱ )ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪﻝ ﺩﻳﻨﻪ ﻓﺎﻗﺘﻠﻮﻩ( ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻳﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﺮﺗﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬‬‬‬ ‫ﻛﺸﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ، ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻛﻴﻔﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ‬‬‬‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻴﻔﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﺪ ﻓﻄﺮﻱ ﻣﺮﺩ، ﺍﻋﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻮﺑﻪ، ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ. ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺪ ﺯﻥ، ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ‬‬‬‬ ‫ﺩﻋﻮﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﭙﺬﻳﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﺤﻜﻮﻡ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻮﺑﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ، ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻦﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺣﺒﺲ ﻭﻱ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ. ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ‬‬‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ، ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻞ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻬﻢ ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺭﺗﺪﺍﺩ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ، ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ

Misgiving people about religious beliefs sometimes drives Muslims to become apostate. Apostasy has many meanings، one of the most known is “refusal of Islam”. According to a famous saying of prophet (kill anyone who changes his religion)، some jurists believe that all the apostates must be killed، but we demonstrate that there are different kinds of apostasy with different punishments. Also we prove that the punishment of male fitri apostate (one who was born of Muslim parents، or at least one parent، and then rejects Islam) is death، but in case of repentance، will be released. However a female apostate، in the case of rejecting the penitence، will be imprisoned until regretting and repenting. In addition، in this essay، we will study the causes of apostasy and its important consequences on the human’s destiny.

"‬‬‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﻘﻴﻪ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻣﺎﻡ ﺧﻤﻴﻨﻲ; ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ: ﻣﺮﺗﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﻄﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﻮﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ‬‬‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ، ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﻼﻡ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ )ﺧﻤﻴﻨﻲ، ﺑﻲﺗﺎ، ﺹ713(. ﻓﺎﻷﻭ‪‬ﻝ ﺍﺭﺗﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻟﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻡ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺪ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺇﺳﻼﻡ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺑﻮﻳﻪ« )ﺷﻬﻴﺪ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻲ، 3141، ﺝ2، ﺹ154(؛ ﻛﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺪﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩ ﻧﻄﻔﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻭ ﭘﺲ‬‬‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺑﻠﻮﻍ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ )ﺍﺳﻼﻡ( ﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﻜﺸﺪ، ﻣﺮﺗﺪ ﻓﻄﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﮔﺮﻧﻪ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ. ‬‬‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺪ ﻓﻄﺮﻱ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬‬‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺗﺪ ﻓﻄﺮﻱ ﻛﺴﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ، ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻭ‬‬‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﺎﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﺎﻗﺮ7ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺪ، ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ، ﻓﺮﻣﻮﺩ: ﺣﻜﻢ‬‬‬‬ ‫ﻛﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﻼﻡ ﺭﻭﻱ ﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ‬‬‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻼﻡ ﻧﺎﺯﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻔﺮ ﻭﺭﺯﻳﺪ، ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ؛ ﻗﺘﻞ ﺍﻭ ﻭﺍﺟﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﻫﻤﺴﺮﺵ‬‬‬‬ ‫ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻘﻬﻲ‬ ‫04‬‬‬‬‬‬‬ ‫ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻱ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ )ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻼﻕ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ(؛ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﻟﺶ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﺯﻧﺪﺍﻧﺶ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ. ‬‬‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻛﻼﻡ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﺻﻞ ﻧﺒﻮﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮ ﺍﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﺭﺗﺪﺍﺩﺁﻭﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ،‬‬‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺩﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺪﺍﺩﺁﻭﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ‬‬‬‬ ‫ﺧﻴﺮ، ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ: ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﻧﺒﻮﺕ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻣﺮﺗﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ،‬‬‬‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ: »ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻛﻼﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻥ ﺟﺤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻛﻔﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ‬‬‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻮ‪‬ﺓ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺫ، ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ« )ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ، ﺑﻲﺗﺎ، ﺝ1، ﺹ441(."