خلاصة:
هدف اصلی این مقاله تلاش برای فهم چگونگی حدود عاملیت سوژه در نظریه ساختارگرایی تکوینی است که در جامعه‌شناسی و نقد ادبی از سوی لوسین گلدمن مطرح شد و یکی از نظریه‌های کاربردی در این زمینه به‌شمار می‌آید. مقاله با بهره‌گیری از روش تحلیل متون در پی پاسخگویی به پرسش درباره نقش سوژه از حیث تأثیرگذاری یا تأثیرپذیری در نسبت با ساختار از دیدگاه ساختارگرایی تکوینی است. در فرضیه پژوهشی استدلال می‌شود که سوژه ساختارگرایی تکوینی، در قامت فاعل فرافردی با فاصله گرفتن تدریجی ناگزیر از عاملیت مطلق و تابعیت ساختاری غیرکنشمند، به رابطه دیالکتیکی تکوینی با ساختار رسیده و در جریان شکل‌گیری آگاهی طبقاتی و تجلیات عینی آن، در چرخه پی‌در‌پی بازآفرینی و بازبینی، همواره در حال تکوین و دگرگونی است. یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان می‌دهند که در فاصله ساختارگرایی تا پساساختارگرایی، میدان دیالکتیک ساختارگرایی تکوینی با تلفیق نظریه جامعه‌شناختی لوکاچ و نظریه روان‌شناختی پیاژه و با بهره‌گیری از اندیشه‌های افرادی همچون هگل، فروید و نیچه به‌دنبال یافتن راهی میانه برای رهایی سوژه در عین پذیرش تأثیر محدودیت‌های ساختاری است؛ و با افزودن مفهوم تکوین به نظریه ساختارگرایی در تلاش برای به تصویر کشیدن رابطه سوژه و ساختار و محصولات عینی این رابطه است که در نظریه گلدمن به‌طور ویژه، بر آفرینش ادبی تأکید شده است.
The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the position and role of the subject—in terms of influencing or being influenced—in relation to the structure from the perspective of genetic structuralism that was proposed in the field of sociology and literary criticism by a Romanian philosopher and sociologist Lucien Goldmann. His theory of genetic structuralism has been widely applied in the sociology of literature. Using the basic elements of structuralist theory and at the same time understanding its weaknesses, Goldmann tried to save this theory from stagnation, inflexibility and inefficiency in explaining historical changes and developments by applying the theory of historical evolution in structuralism that increases its ability to explain social phenomena. By adding the concept of “genesis” to structuralist theory, an attempt is made to understand the dynamics of subject-structure and objective products of this relation. In Goldmann's theory, among these objective manifestations, literary creation is particularly emphasized.Genetic structuralism sees literary creation as the product of the transcendental agent, which is represented in this form by its author. The meaningful structure of a literary creation is dialectically related to the mental structure of this transcendental actor, which is in a dialectical relationship with the political, social and economic structure and is constantly evolving and changing in the persistent cycle of construction-deconstruction. For Goldmann, structures have no idealistic or neo-Kantian element, and it is human being who acts collectively and along class lines in order to create or change these structures. Therefore, the structures have a non-historical and subsequently non-functional character, and there is no need for metaphysical levels to analyze them.In the research hypothesis, it is argued that the subject of genetic structuralism, as a transcendental agent with inevitable gradual distancing from the absolute agency and non-active structural subordination, hast reached a dialectical relation with structure and in the course of the formation of class consciousness and its objective manifestations, in a successive cycle of construction-deconstruction is always evolving and changing. In an attempt to understand human and social phenomena in general and cultural creations in particular, Goldmann borrows certain macro-analytic categories (such as wholeness, worldview, form, transcendental agent, possible consciousness, and object consciousness) from Georg Lukacs and combines them with a series of anthropological and positivistic categories derived from Piaget (such as meaningful structure, function, the process of construction and deconstruction, the epistemological loop of subject and object, and equilibrium).The author uses the method of textual analysis for hypothesis testing. The most notable work of a critical theorist, Georg Lukacs (i.e., Theory of the Novel and History and Class Consciousness) as well as Goldmann's books and essays (i.e., the Hidden God, and The Human Sciences & Philosophy, Lukacs and Heidegger) are examined. The findings show that in the transition from structuralism to poststructuralism, the dialectical field of genetic structuralism combines Lukacs's sociological theory with Piaget's psychological theory, using the legacy of thinkers such as Hegel and Freud, Nietzsche, etc. and seek to find a middle ground to liberate the subject while accepting the influence of structural constraints.
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