اثربخشی شناخت درمانی مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی بر باورهای غیرمنطقی و شادکامی سالمندان مقاله

سالمندی فرآیندی طبیعی و مرحله‌ای حساس در زندگی یک فرد است که با طیف وسیعی از تغییرات فیزیولوژیکی و روان‌شناختی از جمله افزایش باورهای غیرمنطقی و تضعیف شادکامی همراه است. بنابراین، پژوهش حاضر با هدف تعیین اثربخشی شناخت درمانی مبتنی بر ذهن‌آگاهی بر باورهای غیرمنطقی و شادکامی سالمندان شهر کرمانشاه انجام شد. پژوهش حاضر از نوع نیمه آزمایشی با طرح پیش‌آزمون-پس‌آزمون با گروه کنترل بود. جامعه آماری شامل کلیه سالمندان شهر کرمانشاه در سال 1400 بودند، که به شیوه نمونه‌گیری دردسترس 30 نفر از سالمندان (60 تا 70 سال) با توجه به ملاک‌های ورود و خروج مطالعه انتخاب و به طور تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایش (15 نفر) و کنترل (15 نفر) جایگزین شدند. گروه آزمایش مداخله درمانی طی  8 جلسه 90 دقیقه‌ای دریافت نمودند و گروه کنترل در لیست انتظار برای درمان قرار گرفت. ابزار مورد استفاده در این پژوهش شامل پرسشنامه‌های باورهای غیرمنطقی جونز و شادکامی آکسفورد بودند. داده‌ها با روش تحلیل کوواریانس تک‌متغیری در نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخه 25 تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها نشان داد که در پس‌آزمون، گروه آزمایش از نظر هر دو متغیر باورهای غیرمنطقی و شادکامی تفاوت معنی‌داری با گروه کنترل داشتند. به عبارت دیگر، شناخت درمانی مبتنی بر ذهن‌آگاهی باعث شد که سالمندان باورهای غیرمنطقی کمتر و شادکامی بیشتری را تجربه کنند (05/0>P). با توجه به اثربخشی شناخت درمانی مبتنی بر ذهن‌آگاهی، درمانگران و متخصصان مرتبط با سلامت می‌توانند از این روش درمانی برای مداخله‌های مرتبط با سلامت به ویژه برای بهبود باورهای غیرمنطقی و شادکامی استفاده نمایند.

Aging is a natural and sensitive period in a person’s life that is associated with a wide range of physiological and psychological changes, including the increase of irrational beliefs and the decrease of happiness. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on irrational beliefs and happiness in the elderly in Kermanshah, Iran. This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included all the elderly living in Kermanshah in 2021, among whom 30 (60 to 70 years) were selected using convenience sampling and according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study, and assigned randomly into experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The experimental group received the therapeutic intervention in eight 90-minute sessions, while the control group was placed on a waiting list for treatment in the same time. The measures used in this study included the Jones’s Irrational Beliefs and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaires. Data were analyzed using Univariate Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS-25 software. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between experimental and control groups in the post-test in terms of both irrational beliefs and happiness. In other words, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy caused the elderly to experience fewer irrational beliefs and more level of happiness (PReferences Abdollahpour, M., Hafezi, F., Ehteshamzadeh, P., Naderi, F., & Pasha, R. (2019). The Effectiveness of narrative therapy and (ACT) in existential anxiety and irrational beliefs, on elders who resided in nursing homes. Aging Psychology, 4(4), 323-335. [Persian] Adibi Sede, S., Sepahvandi, M., & Gholamrezaei, S. (2018). The Effectiveness of mind fullness-based cognitive group therapy on depression & anxiety in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Psychological Achievement, 25(1), 129–146. [Persian] Afsahi, F., & Kachooei, M. (2020). Relationship between hypertension with irrational health beliefs and health locus of control. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 9(1), 110-118. Alipour, A., & AgahHeris, M. (2007). Reliability and validity of the oxford happiness inventory among Iranians. Journal of Developmental Psychology: Iranian Psychologists, 3(12), 287-298. [Persian] Allen, MS., El-Cheikh, S., & Turner, M. J. (2017). A longitudinal investigation of irrational beliefs, hedonic balance and academic achievement. Learning Individual Differences, 58(1), 41-45. Andalib Kourayem, M., & Mahmoodinia, S. (2021). The Quality of life in the elderly: The Role of resiliency and mindfulness. Aging Psychology, 7(2), 167-179. [Persian] Argyle, M., & Lu, L. (1990). The Happiness of extraverts. Personality and Individual Differences, 11(10), 1011-1017. Asqari, M., Choobdari, A., & Sakhaei, S. (2021). The Analysis of psychological experiences of the elderly in the pandemic of coronavirus disease: A Phenomenological study. Aging Psychology, 7(2), 107-123. [Persian] Barghi Irani, Z., & Dehghan Saber, L. (2021). The Comparison of the effectiveness of mindfulness-based therapy and spiritual therapy on irrational beliefs and anxiety in the older women. Aging Psychology, 6(4), 321-339. [Persian] Basharpoor, S., Hoseinikiasari, S.T., Soleymani, E., & Massah, O. (2019). The Role of irrational beliefs and attitudes to death in quality of life of the older people. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 14(3), 260-271. [Persian] Beck, A. T., & Clark, D. A. (1988). Anxiety and depression: An Information processing perspective. Journal of Anxiety Research, 1(1), 23-36. Chan, H., & Sun, C. (2020). Irrational beliefs, depression, anxiety, and stress among university students in Hong Kong. Journal of American College Health, 1(1), 1-15. Changizi, F., & Panah Ali, A. (2016). The Effectiveness of group psychotherapy on life expectancy and happiness of the elderly in Tabriz. Journal of Education and Evaluation, 9(34), 63-76. [Persian] Chiesa, A., & Serretti, A. (2010). A Systematic review of neurobiological and clinical features of mindfulness meditations. Psychological Medicine, 4(8), 1239–1252. Dai, Q., & Chu, R. (2018). Anxiety, happiness and self-esteem of western Chinese left behind children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 86(1), 403-413. Fakhri, M., Bahar, A., & Amini, F. (2017). Effectiveness of mindfulness on happiness and blood sugar level in diabetic patients. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 27 (151), 94-104. [Persian] Fattahi, S., Deldadeh Moghaddam, M., & Taghavi, F. (2019). Mindfulness education on resilience and happiness of mothers with children with learning disabilities. Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies, 9(1), 6-9. [Persian] Gadampour, E., Moradizadeh, S., & Shakarami M. (2019). The Study of effectiveness of training of mind consciousness on reduction of the elderly's feeling of loneliness and death anxiety in Sedigh Center of Khoramabad City. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 26(4), 44-53. [Persian] Geiger, PJ., Boggero, IA., Brake, CA., Caldera, CA., Combs, HL., & Peters, R. (2016). Mindfulness-based interventions for older adults: A Review of the effects on physical and emotional well-being. Mindfulness (NY), 7(2), 296–307. Gerstorf, D., Hulur, G., Drewelies, J., Willis, S. L., Schaie, K. W., & Ram, N. (2020(. Adult development and aging in historical context. American Psychologist, 75(4), 525-539. Ghorbani Moghadam, P., Teymouri, S., & Yazdanpanah, F. (2018). The Effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on irrational thoughts, sleep quality and temptation in people with substance use disorders. Social Health and Addiction Quarterly, 5(20), 119-132. [Persian] Hajatour, R., & Haroon Rashidi, H. (2021). The Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on irrational beliefs and death attitude in the elderly. Aging Psychology, 7(1), 43-54. [Persian] Hatamian, P., Heydarian, S., & Ahmadi, M. (2020). Effectiveness mindfulness based cognitive therapy training on emotion regulation and anxiety sensitivity in elderly with precedent heart disease. Iranian Journal of Rehabilitation Research in Nursing, 6(3), 59-65. [Persian] Javanmardi, F., Naeimi, E., & Moatamedi, A. (2020). The Effectiveness of mindfulness model on improving intimate attitudes and elderly depression. Aging Psychology, 6(1), 39-52. [Persian] Jones, R. G. (1969). A Measure of Ellis irrational belief system with personality and maladjustment correlates. Dissertation Abstracts International, 29, 4379-4380. Kabat Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past present and future. Journal of Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 10, 144-156. Kakavand, A. (2016). The Effectiveness of mindfulness on dysfunctional attitudes and depressive symptoms among elderly women with major depressive disorder. Aging Psychology, 2(2), 91-101. [Persian] Karami, J., Sanjabi, A., & Karimi, P. (2017). The Prediction of life satisfaction among the elderly based on resilience and happiness. Journal of Aging Psychology, 2(4), 229-236. [Persian] Lee, Y., & Salman, A. (2018). The Mediating effect of spiritual well-being on depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life among elders. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 32 (3), 418-424. Lindsay, E., & Creswell, J. (2017). Mechanisms of mindfulness training: monitor and acceptance theory (MAT). National Center for Biotechnology Information Search database, 51, 48-59. Machado, L., Tavares, H., Petribu, K., Zilberman, M., Torres, R. F., & Cantilino, A. (2015). Happiness and health in psychiatry: What are their implications. Archives of Clinical Psychiatry Paulo, 42(4), 100-110. Majzoobi, M., Momeni, K., Amani, R., Hojjat Khah, S. M. (2012). The Effectiveness of structured group reminiscence on the enhancement of the elderly’s life quality and happiness. Developmental Psychology: Iranian psychologists, 9(34), 189-202. [Persian] Moeini, B., Babamiri, M., Mohammadi, Y., Barati, M., & Rashidi, S. (2017). Relationship between happiness and mental health status among high school female students: A Descriptive-analytic study. Nurse Midwifery Journal, 14(11), 942-951. [Persian] Narimani, M., & Samadifard, H. (2017). The Relationship between irrational beliefs, mindfulness and cognitive fusion with social health among elderly in Ardabil. Journal of Gerontology, 2 (1), 20-28. [Persian] Nemati, S., & Maralani, M. (2016). The Relationship between life satisfaction and happiness: The Mediating role of resiliency. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 8(3), 194- 208. Parvaneh, E., Azizi, K., & Karimi, P. (2015). The Effectiveness of hope-therapy on the enhancement of happiness in elderly. Aging Psychology, 1(1), 41-47. [Persian] Roberto, P., Janae, L., & Carlie, N. (2017). Compassion, mindfulness, and the happiness of healthcare workers. National Center for Biotechnology InformationTop of Form Search database, 13(3), 201-206. Roger, JS., Michele, Y., Sue, R., Gail, J., & Josephine, MC. (2016). Knowing, planning for and fearing death: Do adults with intellectual disability and disability staff differ. Journal of Research in Developmental Disabilities, 49(12), 47–59. Saadati, H., Younesi, J., Foroghan, M., & Lashani, L. (2013). Effectiveness of gestalt therapy on happiness of elderly people. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 8(2),7-15. [Persian] Saatchi, M., Kamkari, K., & Askarian, M. (2011). Psychological tests. Tehran: Editing Publishing. [Persian] Sadeghi, N. (2003). Investigating and comparing cognitive distortions and dysfunctional thinking in men addicted to drugs and ordinary people (Master’s thesis). Teacher Training University, Tehran. [Persian] Salehpour, P., Ahghar, G., & Navabi Nejad, S. (2020). The Effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on reducing irrational beliefs and emotional divorce in married women referred to Tehran counseling centers. Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 62,169-178. [Persian] Samadifard, H., & Narimani, M. (2017). Prediction of death anxiety of elderly based on mindfulness and irrational beliefs. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 5(3), 15-21. [Persian] Sharifi Jundani, H., Mahki, F., & Abbasi, B. (2018). Effectiveness of the instruction of mindfulness-based stress reduction program on the happiness of mothers’ intellectual disability adolescent. Rooyesh, 7(8), 323-334. [Persian] Sheikhesmaeili, D., Hatamyan, P., Karami, J., Lorestani, E., & Morovati, F. (2020). The Prediction of sleep quality based on psychological hardiness and happiness in the elderly. Aging Psychology, 6(1), 27-38. [Persian] Sohani, A., & Barghi Irani, Z. (2018). Effectiveness of psychological rehabilitation based on training of positive thinking skills on self-care, happiness and self-efficacy in elderly people with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Aging Psychology, 4(3), 235-249. [Persian] Virpi, S., Eda, U., & Ilknur, C. (2022). The Effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions on the psychological well-being of nurses: A Systematic review. Applied Nursing Research, 64(1), 1-9. Won, D., Bae, J., Byun, H., & Seo, K. (2020). Enhancing subjective well-being through physical activity for the elderly in Korea: A Meta-analysis approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 1-12. Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., & Ma, L. (2018). Depression and cardiovascular disease in elderly: current understanding. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 47(1), 1-10.