چکیده:
سوانح طبیعی به عنوان پدیده هایی تکرارشدنی و مخرب، همواره در طول دوران حیات کره زمین وجود داشته و زندگی بشر را با خطر جدی مواجه ساخته اند؛ به ویژه در مناطق روستایی که به دلیل توان محدود در مقابله با این تهدیدات محیطی و ارتباط تنگاتنگ زندگی ساکنان این سکونتگاه ها با محیط طبیعی، از دیرباز بیش از دیگر جوامع در معرض خطر سوانح طبیعی و اثرات گسترده آنها بوده اند. از آنجا که شناخت محیطی و برنامه ریزی پیش از سانحه، در کاهش اثرات فاجعه آفرین سوانح طبیعی در سکونتگاه های روستایی اثربخش می باشد، در این پژوهش با استناد به بند 8 ماده 27 قانون برنامه ششم توسعه کشور و با رویکرد پیشگیری، کاهش خطر و مدیریت ریسک مخاطرات و بویژه تعیین اولویت مداخله به منظور تخصیص بودجه جهت ایمن سازی روستاها در برابر مخاطرات طبیعی، به شناسایی، ارزیابی آسیب پذیری و اولویت بندی سکونتگاه های روستایی در سراسر کشور پرداخته شده و همزمان با توجه به برداشت حجم عظیمی از اطلاعات میدانی در مقیاس روستا در سرتاسر کشور، سامانه اطلاعات مکانی بر بستر وب طراحی و مستقر گردیده و اطلاعات برداشت شده در بازدیدهای میدانی 1418 روستا در 31 استان، مشتمل بر ویژگیهای محیطی، کالبدی، سوابق مرتبط با مخاطرات مورد بررسی، شاخصهای خطر و پتانسیل خطرپذیری در این پایگاه داده ثبت گردیده است. این سامانه قادر است با کنار هم قرار دادن اجزای خطر سوانح و حوادث، راهکارهای مدیریتی مناسب جهت کاهش آسیب پذیری را آشکار سازد و با تعریف سطح دسترسی برای ذینفعان مختلف از سطوح ملی تا سطوح محلی، امکان به روز رسانی اطلاعات فراهم گردد.
Many villages in the country are faced with a series of dangerous factors and elements due to their location and settlement method, the most important of which are natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, subsidence, rockfalls, avalanches and snadstorms. A set of biological, environmental, social, economic, and physical factors and processes can also increase the level of risk and vulnerability of villages.. Therefore, it is necessary to take steps to reduce the effects and consequences of accidents by using scientific methods of crisis management based on risk management. Experience shows that the huge costs of reconstruction after disasters can be reduced with prevention, prediction and preparation and according to the sixth development plan, 30% of villages and 20% of the border villages must be secured. The current plan is carried out referring to the sixth development program (clause 8th of article 27th) with the aim of securing villages exposed to the risk of natural disasters in order to identify the villages with the characteristic of being exposed to natural hazards, prioritizing and presenting suggestions regarding how to reduce the risk at the villages are exposed the risk of natural disasters in cooperation with the Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation and the National Disater Management Organization. The priority natural disasters in this plan are: floods, subsidence and sinkholes, earthquakes, sandstorm and slope movements (including landslides, rockfalls, creeping and mudflows) in rural areas. At first, a list of villages at risk of natural disasters was prepared and reviewed through inquiries from provincial disaster management and housing foundations. This project was based on appropriate models and methods and with using of disaster risk zoning maps, screening and selecting the list of villages that are more at risk than others and by combining risk assessment indicators and criteria with environmental, physical, demographic indicators and risk incident records, the villages with the first priority of risk are extracted separately for each province, and then the results of this stage were checked for accuracy in a collaborative process with related organizations at each province and the project entered the phase of field collection and providing implementation solutions. In this plan, out of 48,857 villages with more than 20 households across the country, about 9,000 villages are at risk with high risk categorized in 5 classes and 1,418 villages across 31 provinces with the first priority visited after verification, in order to local check and providing solutions for risk reduction. These villages were visited by experts from different fields and detailed risk assessment was done. In order to obtain the same and comprehensive information by the referring experts for the field visiting, field evaluation forms were designed with a multi-risk management approach. The results of the field visits and the proposed solutions were prepared separately for each village according to the environmental characteristics with the aim of reducing the risk and securing and presented to the Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation, the Disaster Management Organization and the Program and Budget Organization. Also, by designing and establishing a spatial information system for monitoring and evaluating rural settlements at risk, on the web-GIS platform (WEB GIS) at the same time as visiting the mentioned villages, the information collected according to the field collection forms was loaded into the system and according to the characteristics This system, such as designing in the Oracle environment, defining the access level for different stakeholders from national to local levels, the possibility of updating information, having different modules, reporting, spatial analysis of risks and producing thematic and combined maps, it is possible to use this system as a decision support system in all stages of crisis management, before, during and after the disaster, at the country level. Increasing and completing the required information in analyzes related to risk assessments, simultaneously with entering the information collected during field visits, as well as updating the information, will lead to an increase the empowerment of the society regarding the risk management of natural disasters and an increase Speed and accuracy in the analysis of the effects, management decisions and as a result reduce the costs of reconstruction and rehabilitation. It is worth mentioning that in order to create the ability to register information collected online, the mobile application system of rural settlements at risk was also designed and operated.
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