چکیده:
با ظهور مدرنیتۀ متأخر و رشد جهانی‌شدن فرهنگ، دگرسانی در زندگی انسان گسترش یافته است که در این مسیر زنان نیز مستثنا نبوده‌اند. مسلّم است که تغییرات ایجادشده در نگرش زنان در دنیای امروز، واقعیتی انکارنشدنی است؛ ازاین‌رو، این پژوهش با هدف بررسی تأثیر جهانی‌شدن فرهنگ بر نگرش زنان به مفهوم آزادی با تأکید بر نظریۀ آزادی آیزایا برلین انجام شد. روش پژوهش، پیمایشی و ابزار به‌کاررفته پرسش‌نامه بود. روایی‌های محتوایی و سازه‌ای تأیید شد؛ هم‌چنین پایایی ازطریق آلفای کرونباخ محاسبه شد و پایایی ترکیبی در بازۀ مطلوب قرار داشت. جامعۀ آماری پژوهش، زنان بین 17 تا 50 سال در شبکۀ اجتماعی اینستاگرام بودند که پس از بررسی‌های اولیه انتخاب شدند. نمونه‌گیری به‌صورت تصادفی و براساس فرمول کوکران، 300نفر بود. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری استفاده شد. نتایج نشان می‌دهد، در مؤلفۀ استفاده از محصولات فرهنگی و هنری جهانی (رمان‌های خارجی، مشاهدۀ فیلم وسریال‌های خارجی، مطالعۀ روزنامه و مجلات خارجی و سفرهای خارجی)، در درجۀ اول، مشاهدۀ فیلم و سریال‌های خارجی بیشترین تأثیر را بر نگرش زنان به مفهوم آزادی مدنی و سپس به مفهوم آزادی فردی داشت و مؤلفۀ آگاهی از قوانین جهانی در رابطه با حقوق زنان بر نگرش زنان به مفهوم آزادی مدنی تأثیر بیشتری داشت. دربارۀ مؤلفۀ استفاده از شبکه‌های جهانی اطلاعات (میزان استفادۀ زنان از ماهواره، شبکه‌های اجتماعی داخلی و خارجی، شبکه‌های خبری داخلی و خارجی)، بیشترین تأثیر به شبکه‌های خبری خارجی مربوط بود که بیشترین تأثیر را بر نگرش زنان به مفهوم آزادی فردی و سپس آزادی مدنی داشت؛ هم‌چنین نتایج ضرایب گام به گام رگرسیونی در متغیرهای جمعیت‌شناختی نشان‌داد که نگرش زنان به مفهوم آزادی‌های فردی و مدنی در افراد کمتر از 30سال و زنان با تحصیلات کارشناسی‌ارشد، به تعریف آزادی‌های فردی و مدنی آیزایا برلین نزدیک‌‌تر بود.
AbstractWith the emergence of late modernity and the growth of culture globalization, transformation has spread in human life, and women have not been excluded in this regard. The transformations made in the attitude of women in today’s world is an undeniable fact. Therefore, this research was conducted to investigate the effect of the globalization of culture on the attitude of women toward the concept of freedom. The research design included a survey and the instrument employed was a questionnaire. Convergent and construct validity were confirmed. Moreover, the reliability was calculated through Cronbach’s alpha and the compositional reliability was in the acceptable range. The statistical population of the research included women between the ages of 17 and 50 on the Instagram social media. Random sampling was used and based on Cochran’s formula the participants included 297 women. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The results show that in the component of using global cultural and artistic products, watching foreign films and series had the greatest impact on women’s attitude toward the concept of civil freedom and then toward the concept of individual freedom, and the component of knowledge of international laws regarding women’s rights. The component of awareness of international laws regarding women’s rights had a greater impact on women’s attitude toward the concept of civil freedom. Regarding the component of using global information networks, the most impact related to foreign news networks, which had the greatest impact on women’s attitudes toward the concept of individual freedom and then civil freedom. Also, the results of stepwise regression coefficients in demographic variables showed that women’s attitude toward the concept of personal and civil liberties in individuals less than 30 years of age and women with master’s education was closer to Isaiah Berlin’s definition of personal and civil liberties.Keywords: Culture Globalization, Freedom, Globalization, Iranian Women. 1. IntroductionOne of the controversial issues in today’s world is facing the phenomenon of globalization. Globalization affects culture, economy, politics, rights, concepts and attitudes in its way, and women are not excluded from this period in history (Ebrahimi et al., 2013).With the prominence of culture position and since cultural actions have global consequences as well as effects, culture has become very significant in studies related to globalization (Staji et al., 2015). The present study was concerned with globalization in its cultural dimension. Analyzing history, it becomes clear that the concept of freedom is one of the most important and oldest issues related to women (Mustafa’i, 2017). In Iranian society, women’s positions have been constantly changing and fluctuating (Siyadzadeh, 2010). Due to the interaction of the new civilization of the West with the Islamic world and the developing Iranian society, new questions have been formed in the field of women’s freedom in the era of cultural globalization. Accordingly, the need to answer them has become a higher priority. The objective of the present research was to investigate the effect of the globalization of culture on the attitude of Iranian women toward the concept of freedom, emphasizing Isaiah Berlin’s theory of freedom.The hypotheses of the research include the following: The culture globalization has an effect on women’s attitude toward the concept of freedom (individual and civil). The use of global cultural and artistic products has an effect on women’s attitudes toward the concept of freedom. Awareness of international laws regarding women’s rights has an effect on women’s attitudes toward the concept of freedom. The use of global information networks has an effect on women’s attitude toward the concept of freedom. Demographic variables (age and education) have an effect on women’s attitudes toward the concept of freedom. 2. Materials and MethodsThe present research was conducted employing a survey design and using a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the research included Iranian women between the ages of 17 and 50. Inclusion criterion entailed being a member of a scientific page on the Instagram social network with 100 K followers. The sample size was calculated as 297 according to the maximum number of daily visits to the relevant page through online sample size calculation software using Cochran’s formula.The validity of the research was based on two types of convergent validity (CV) and construct validity. Convergent validity was done by holding meetings related to the research topic and consulting related experts. Construct validity was assessed through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The internal consistency of the questions was confirmed through Cronbach’s alpha and compositional reliability (CR). To measure the normal distribution of the data, descriptive indexes of skewness and kurtosis were used. In order to analyze the data and examine the relationship between the factors and determine the contribution of each of them, structural equation modeling was employed. 3. Findings and ResultsThe first hypothesis: Based to the results of the analysis, the use of global cultural and artistic products had a significant effect on women’s attitudes toward the concept of individual and civil liberties (pThe second hypothesis: The results revealed that awareness of international laws regarding women’s rights had a significant effect on women’s attitudes toward the concept of individual and civil liberties (pThe third hypothesis: Based on path analysis results, it was concluded that the use of global information networks had a significant effect on women’s attitudes toward the concept of individual and civil liberties (pThe fourth hypothesis: To investigate the fourth hypothesis, stepwise regression was performed. Women under the age of 30 had a closer attitude to the definition of Isaiah Berlin’s concept of individual and civil liberties. As for education, the attitude of women with a master’s degree was closer to Isaiah Berlin’s definition of individual and civil liberties. 4. ConclusionThe findings suggest that Iranian women have been placed in an exceptional part of the history. The path of modernity in Iranian society has not yet been completely followed, and tradition and prejudices have cast a shadow on women’s lives. However, with the culture globalization and communication with the outside world, women have been able to observe the changes in modern societies. This dual situation, along with the new understanding of the concept of freedom, has created a complex situation for women. Thus, Iran is simultaneously experiencing several historical stages including globalization of culture, development, and transition.The study findings confirm that the globalization of culture affects the lives of women in different dimensions. While the phenomenon can lead to the growth and development of the society, it can also be precarious and a warning for the society. It seems that employing studied solutions or considering policies that increase women’s awareness of the phenomenon of culture globalization is vital for the preservation of culture and acceptance of other cultures. Being aware of what sources women use for their taste, attitude, and lifestyle, and for what purpose they use them, is of special importance and requires deeper and more investigations.While achieving civil freedom, especially in third world countries, is associated with more difficulty among all sections of the society, it seems that the easier achievement of individual freedom has caused it to be considered more.As mentioned earlier, foreign news networks have the greatest impact on women’s attitudes toward the concept of individual freedom, and the fact that these networks have the greatest impact on women under the age of 30 is a source of much reflection. Therefore, if the achievement of freedom, both individual and civil, is formed as a result of misunderstanding, it will lead to harmful consequences.
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