چکیده:
قدرت دريايي کشورها از مؤلفه هايي همانند: مؤلفه جغرافيايي - سرزميني، اجتماعي، اقتصادي، سياسي، ديپلماتيک و نظامي شکل يافته است. پديده هاي جغرافيايي با ماهيت انساني، مؤلفه مهم در ساختار قدرت دريايي کشورها است. تحقيق حاضر به تبيين نقش عناصر مؤلفه جغرافياي انساني در قدرت دريايي کشورها پرداخته است. وضعيت سياسي و امنيتي قلمرو سرزميني کشور (داخل کشور و مرزهای آبی و خشکی)، جمعيت و اجتماع ساحلي، شهرها و بنادر ساحلي، پایگاههای نظامی ساحلی و دریایی، پيوند شبکه هاي ارتباطي داخل کشور با منطقه ساحلي، مهمترين عناصر مؤلفه جغرافياي انساني قدرت دریایی کشورها است. اين تحقيق از لحاظ هدف بنيادي و از حيث ماهيت و روش، توصيفي - تحليلي است. ابزار گردآوري اطلاعات از طريق مراجعه به منابع کتابخانه اي، مقالات و اسناد است. تجزيه و تحليل داده ها با استفاده از روش کيفي و استنباطي انجام شده است. عناصر مؤلفه جغرافیای انسانی قدرت دریایی، بطور مصداقی در برخی کشورها مورد بحث قرار گرفته است. یافته های تحقیق مؤید آن است که تمامی عناصر مؤلفه جغرافیای انسانی بنحوی بر قدرت دریایی کشورها تأثیر می گذارد. تنشهای سیاسی و امنیتی قلمرو سرزمینی و پایگاههای نظامی دریایی، مهمترین عناصر در بین عناصر مؤلفه جغرافیای انسانی قدرت دریایی است. نقش تمامي عناصر مؤلفه جغرافياي انساني در قدرت دريايي کشورها، به استثنای وضعیت سیاسی و امنیتی قلمرو سرزمینی، به عنصر ویژگی طبیعی منطقه ساحلي وابسته است. حتی پایگاههای نظامی دریایی که دور از ساحل هستند، بدون ارتباط با منطقه ساحلی و سرزمین اصلی، فاقد قدرت اثربخشی خواهند بود.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Countries with access or no access to open seas forms the different geographical location of coastal peninsula, island or landlocked state, respectively. Sea and ocean environment is different from land environments in terms of features. An area of ocean is three times larger than the land. Water bodies are spherical cohesion while the land suffers fragmentation of space. Water bodies have an inclusive position and land area has a peripheral one. Sea power is one of the most important aspects of the state’s national power. Most of the world powers (past and present) have coastal and sea geographical positions. The sea position provides countries many options in all economic, political, cultural, and social dimensions, which continental countries are deprived of them. Continental and land-based military powers have limited military power. Traditional and modern sea powers have a spherical function, in view of their respective characteristics of the marine environment. Most of these countries have always had a maritime trade approach and have supported open economic policies. The sea powers are present in the seas in economic, military, political and legal forms. Sea power is not considered proper in evaluating national power because it includes different factors. Sea power is the only aspect of national power that can be present in different water bodies, and is not affected land and air power limitations. Many variables and elements affect states’ sea power. Various factors such as human, geographical-territorial, technological, economic, political, etc. shape the sea power of the states. These factors interact with each other. This article investigates the role of human geographic factors in the states’ sea power.
Materials and Methods
This research is a fundamental and descriptive-analytical study in nature This article investigates the role of human geographic factors in the states’ sea power using library findings. Data analysis procedure is based on qualitative method. Data collection was carried out using library studies, document and content examinations. In this research, theories and models of maritime power are examined. Presenting the theoretical model, the paper analyses the role of elements of human geography component in sea power of countries such as United States, China, Russia, India, Japan, Portugal, United Kingdom and others.
Results
A variety of geographic-territorial, social, economic, political, diplomatic and military factors contribute to the formation of sea powers. The policies of the state and its human structures are just some of the important elements of the state’s sea power. Geographical phenomena with human nature are one of the most important elements in the state’s sea power structure. Political and security status of the territory (land and sea borders), coastal population and communities, coastal cities and ports, coastal and naval military bases, interconnection of in-country communication networks with the coastal region are the most important human geographic components of maritime power of the states.
Discussion and Conclusion
According to the findings of the study, the theoretical proposition and explanatory theory of the present study is that all elements of the human geographic component somehow affect the maritime power of the countries. The elements of human geography – i.e., population, coastal community, coast and marine military bases, and coastal cities and ports, and communication networks connecting to the coastal areas are affected by controlling factors such as the natural and environmental characteristics of the coast. There are, nonetheless, other controlling factors such as the bureaucratic and administrative structure operating in the country, the political system, national objectives and policies contribute to human geography, but they are not addressed here. Two further elements, that is, developments and domestic political and security tensions, and also marine and land border security influence the sea power. As well, they affect the performance of other human geography elements. That is to say, lack of land security and political stability, and military engagements at borders with neighboring nations hinder the concentrating on the other human geography elements. The elements are also influenced more by the controlling factors of political administration rather than the controlling factors of the natural features of the coast. Independent research has to be carried out to explain these factors. Three elements – developments and domestic political and security tensions, and also marine and land border security–have a greater impact on maritime power. That said, it does not signify that other elements of human geography are less important. Nations not enjoying political stability and vulnerable to the political and security related tensions within their own territories lack the potential to achieve sea power. All sea powers have, since long, managed to expand their fleet and sea power through creating land security and political security within their borders. In other words, the development of sea power depends upon the domestic political stability, lack of which would lead to the authorities’ engagement with domestic issues, failure to provide the financial resources necessary for expanding commercial and military fleet and to the underdevelopment and insufficient provision of coastal constructs like ports. Domestic tensions, lack of political stability and military altercations with neighboring nations are impediments to concentrating on the issues related to the sea. In fact, the provision of instruments required for sea-based policies is dependent upon the domestic political (in)stability and tensions. Marine bases play a significant role in sea power. Unable nations to operating across all sea realms on account of their having no marine bases cannot reach the status of a sea power. Some countries, such as Russia and China in compared to the United States, have failed to have a significant military and political presence in the world waters due to the lack of multiple naval bases. So it is better to refer them as "coastal powers". Coastal powers have a strong presence in the immediate area of their geographical environment and they play marginal roles in the remote geographical areas.
خلاصه ماشینی:
وضـعیت سـیاسـی و امنیتی قلمرو سـرزمینی کشور (داخل کشور و مرزهای آبی و خشکی)، جمعیت و اجتماع ساحلی، شهرها و بنادر ساحلی، پایگاه های نظامی ساحلی و دریایی، پیوند شبکه های ارتباطی داخل کشور با منطقه ساحلی، مهمترین عناصر مؤلفه جغرافیای انسانی قدرت دریایی کشورها است .
Elements of Sea Power (داشــتن موقعیت دریایی)؛ ٢) پیکربندی فیزیکی (ویژگیهای طبیعی و اقلیم منطقه ســاحلی)؛ ٣) وســعت سـرزمین (طول ساحل )؛ ٤) تعداد جمعیت ؛ ٥) خصوصیات ملی؛ ٦) خط مشی حکومت و رهبران سیاسی و نهادهای ملی )٧٩-٣٤ :١٨٨٩ ,Mahan(.
جمعیت و اجتماع ساحلی تحولات و تنش های سیاسی و امنیتی داخل کشور امنیت مرزهای آبی و خشکی عوامل جغرافیای انسانی قدرت دریایی پایگاه نظامی ساحلی و دریایی شهرها و بنادر ساحلی پیوند شبکه های ارتباطی داخل کشور با منطقه ساحلی نمودار ٤.
وضعیت سیاسی و امنیتی قلمرو سرزمینی کشور و مرزهای خشکی و آبی؛ جمعیت و اجتماع سـاحلی؛ شـهرها و بنادر سـاحلی؛ پایگاه های دریایی و پیوند شـبکه های ارتباطی داخل کشور با منطقه ساحلی، عناصر مؤلفه جغرافیای انسانی قدرت دریایی است که در این تحقیق ، نقش هر یک از عناصــر در قدرت دریایی برخی از کشــورها همانند: ایالات متحد، روســیه ، چین ، هند، بریتانیا و...
(. Twenty-First Century Seapower: Cooperation and Conflict at Sea )pp 18-41(, London and New York, Routledge Publication.