چکیده:
در تصحیح متون، توجه به منابع جنبی و حتی گاه کتب امثال و حکم امری ضروری است. مصحح با توجه به مضمون و صورتهای اصلی ضربالمثلها میتواند بعضی از ابهامات متون کهن را برطرف کند. دایره کاربرد این مثلها به مرور زمان محدودتر میشوند و برای کاتبان بهصورت عباراتی مبهم درمیآیند و چهبسا دستخوش تغییر و تصرف شوند. برای نمونه، عبارت «شمارِ خانه به بازار راست نیاید» مثلی کهن و معادل است با «حساب و کتابِ آدمی در خانه با آنچه در بازار میبیند مطابقت نمیکند» و به عبارتی دیگر «گمانِ آدمی با واقعیت راست نمیآید». این مثل دستکم از قرن پنجم در نظم و نثر فارسی بهکار رفته است و در روزگار ما نیز در آثار فارسی تاجیکی شواهد فراوان دارد، اما برای کاتبانِ دیوان سعدی ظاهراً عبارت آشنایی نبوده است و از این رو در بیشتر نسخههای خطی و در همۀ چاپهای موجود کلیات و غزلیات او، بهصورت محرّف «عرضِ جامه» بهجای «عرضِ خانه» آمده است و عموم شارحان غزلهای سعدی هم، با اعتماد به متن و بیآنکه به تبدیل و تحریف آن توجه کنند، بیت را به گونهای شرح کردهاند که هیچ رابطهای با اندیشۀ سعدی نیافته است. در این نوشتار با استناد به بعضی از نسخ خطی دیوان سعدی و جستوجو در پیشینه و معنیِ آن، صورت صحیح بیت را پیشنهاد کردهایم.
Abstract
In textual criticism, it is necessary to pay attention to side sources and sometimes books of proverbs. Depending on the content and the main form of the proverbs, the editor can remove some of the ambiguities of the classical texts. Gradually, the use of these proverbs becomes more limited and turn into vague expressions for the scribes so that they may change them. For example, the phrase of "Shomar e khane be bazar rast nemÎayad" (The counting of the house is not acceptable in the Bazar) is an ancient proverb, which means "Not matching a personchr('39')s account at home with what he encounters in the market". This proverb at least has been used in Persian poetry and prose from the 5th century, and in our time, it has been used in Tajik Persian works. Sachr('39')adi has used this proverb in the one of the verses of his Odes, but for the scribes of Saʿdichr('39')s Divan, it was not a familiar phrase, and hence, in most manuscripts and in all available editions of Divan and Odes, "arz e jame" (length of the clothes) has been distorted to the "arz e khane" (the length of the house). Most of the commentators of Sachr('39')adichr('39')s Odes have trusted the text without paying attention to its transformation and distortion. They have interpreted the verse in such a way that it does not relate to Sachr('39')adichr('39')s thought. In this article, the correct form of the Saʿdichr('39')s verse has been presented relying on some of the manuscripts of Sachr('39')dichr('39')s Divan and the background and meaning of this proverb.
Research Background
In this article, some distorted examples have been mentioned in the literary texts. For example, in the articles "The correction of some verses in Sanai’s Hadiqa using Farhang-e jahangiri", "Pey e sirân gereftan va rân e gurân xordan", "The Necessity of re-correcting Katebi Neishaburichr('39')s Divan of Odes" (Khosravi, 2014, pp. 346-347; Harandi, 2018, pp. 99- 113; Bashiri et al., 2018, pp. 85-113), there are some evidence to show that the conversion and distortion of a proverb has taken the text away from its original form.
Aims, questions, and assumptions
The proverbs are one of the side sources that are effective in textual criticism. Sometimes, the proverbs have been changed due to the unfamiliarity of the scribes, but according to their prevalence in literary texts, the correct form of that text can be found.
To this aim, the following research questions are raised:
1. How do factors such as neglecting the meaning and ignoring proverbs have distorted the text?
2. How does investigating the use of proverbs in literary texts help the editor to edit the text?
3. How commentatorschr('39') trust in correcting the meaning of proverbs written in some edited texts had diverted their minds from the original form of the text?
Discussion
In the study of classical texts, we find that the change and conversion of the proverb has sometimes taken the text away from its correct form. In this article, we have chosen a verse of Sachr('39')di as an example to show that neglecting the proverb “Shomar e khane be bazar rast nemÎayad" has caused ambiguity in the meaning of the verse. As in some manuscripts and all editions of Odes, “arz e jame” has been changed to " arz e khane” (Foroughi, 2007, p. 469; Yousefi, 2006, p. 19)
Searching this proverb in the classical texts, we found its other forms and mentioned its meaning and application in the literary texts, and showed that how researcherschr('39') trust in the Foroughichr('39')s edition of Sachr('39')dichr('39')s Odes prevented their minds from grasping the correct meaning of the verse and led to its misinterpretation and explanation.
The findings show that this proverb has been prevalent in Persian poetry and prose since, at least, the fifth century, and in texts such as Manouchehri Damghanichr('39')s Divan (2006, p. 20), Nafsat ol- Masdoor (Zaidari Nesavi, 2002, p. 100) and Rouh-ol-Arvah (Samani, 2010, p. 538) and in our time has also been used in Tajik Persian works (also see Dehkhoda, 1984, 2/953; Zolfaghari, 2010, 1/834).
Conclusion
In textual criticism, it is necessary to pay attention to side sources. For example, the study of a hemistich of Sachr('39')dichr('39')s Odes and the commentatorschr('39') descriptions of that verse clearly shows that due to the inaccuracy of the text, even the most meticulous scholars have misunderstood the meaning of the verse. The confidence in Foroughichr('39')s correction has prevented them to perceive the possibility of errors in the text, and consequently, the mistake in recording the hemistich is hidden. Most surprising of all is the distraction of Yousefichr('39')s precise notion, which did not pay attention to the correct recording of some manuscripts. The editors and commentators of Sachr('39')dichr('39')s Odes have not discussed the ambiguity of the second hemistich, but in explaining the verse according to the power of their imagination, they have made a new theme or taken it from someone else.
References
Bashiri, B., Amani, R., & Farzi, H. (2018). The necessity of re-correcting Katebi Neishaburi’s Divan of Ode. Textual Criticism of Persian Literature, 54, 85-113.
Dehkhoda, A. (1984). Dehkhodachr('39')s proverbs. Amirkabir.
Khosravi, M. (2014). The correction of some Verses in Sanai’s Hadiqa using Farhang-e Jahangiri. Name-ye Farhangestan (Sub-continent), 3, 339-350.
Sachr('39')di, M. (2007). Kolliat (edited by Mohammad Ali Forughi). Amir Kabir.
Sachr('39')di, M. (2006). Sachr('39')dichr('39')s Odes (edited by Gholamhossein Yusofi). Sokhan.
Samaani, Sh. (2010). Spirit of all spirits in understanding the names of the all good (edited by Najib Mile Heravi). Elmi va Farhangi.
Nandimi Harandi, M. (2018). Pey e sirân gereftan va rân e gurân xordan. Culture and Folk Literature, 20, 99-113.
Zolfaqari, H. (2010). The dictionary of Persian proverbs. Moin.
Zidari Nesavi, Sh. (2002). The sigh of a sad heart (edited by Amir Hassan Yazdgerdi). Toos.
خلاصه ماشینی:
اين مثل دست کم از قرن پنجم در نظم و نثر فارسي به کار رفته است و در روزگار ما نيز در آثار فارسي تاجيکي شواهد فراوان دارد، اما براي کاتبان ديوان سعدي ظاهرا عبارت آشنايي نبوده است و از اين رو در بيشتر نسخه هاي خطي و در همه چاپ هاي موجود کليات و غزليات او، به صورت محرف «عرض جامه » به جاي «عرض خانه » آمده است و عموم شارحان غزل هاي سعدي هم ، با اعتماد به متن و بيآنکه به تبديل و تحريف آن توجه کنند، بيت را به گونه اي شرح کرده اند که هيچ رابطه اي با انديشه سعدي نيافته است .
٤. نتيجه در تصحيح متون توجه به منابع جنبي ازجمله امثال و حکم ضرورت دارد، براي نمونه بررسي بيتي از غزليات سعدي و شرح هاي شارحان بر آن بيت ، به روشني نشان ميدهد که چگونه حتي محققان دقيق النظر به سبب خطاي متن («عرض خانه » به جاي «عرض جامه ») در دريافت بيت به خطا رفته اند.