چکیده:
روابط متقابل انسان و محیط، یکی از بحثهای مهم و مطرح در علوم جغرافیایی است و میزان تأثیرپذیری انسان از محیطهای طبیعی همواره مورد کنکاش و در مرکز توجه عام و خاص بوده است. در این پژوهش، چگونگی اثر کارست و غیرکارست بر الگوهای شاخص سکونت در منطقة رومشکان ارزیابی شده و براساس شیوة بررسی همدید (سینوپتیکی) محوطههای باستانی سعی شده است با پیمایش و تحلیل نقشهها، روابط فضایی آنها با قلمروهای کارستی و غیرکارستی مشخص شود؛ در ادامه الگوهای استقرار آنها طبقهبندی شد.
نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش، سه الگوی شاخص سکونت شامل غارنشینی، نیمهکوچنشینیو یکجانشینی را تأیید میکند؛ با این توضیح که الگوی یکجانشینی از ساختارهای غیرکارستی اثر پذیرفته و سکونت دائم به دلیل شرایط ژئومورفیک و هیدرولوژی تابع شرایط خاص محیطی شکل گرفته است؛ ولی الگوهای غارنشینی و نیمهکوچنشینی تطابق زیادی با قلمروهای کارستی منطقه داشتهاند.
One of the processes that has been able to create the largest unit of form in geomorphology is the process of karstification. In many cases, the processes are not able to create a landscape or other units, but the karstization process has formed in different scales and one of the frameworks in geomorphology is related to these landscapes (Nojavan, et al., 2017, p. 99). The karst areas provide good opportunities for researchers to study the relationships and evolution of human societies. The recognition of past climatic relations, cave sedimentology, and the possibility of pollen studies, etc. can determine this issue on past human societies and identities. In dealing with various geomorphic units, humans have adapted to the environment according to the capabilities of the environment. According to this issue, the impact of karst landscapes on the realm of human societies and their distribution can be expressed. Karst areas in the past and present have a great impact on improving the condition of water resources and creating a suitable and beautiful visual landscape in the areas. Among these areas, we can mention the karst spring of Gharbalbiz in Yazd. It is noteworthy that this region has an ancient civilization and culture. The importance of recognition of karst areas lies in the way they are exploited. Karst areas are very important to the development of the civilian core. Regarding the forms of civilization in the past, it has been argued that the distribution and settlement of the population on Earth depend on the levels that have created the right conditions for the creation of the civilian core. The isohyetal maps of karst areas in Iran show that most of them are located on the Zagros Mountains, the Azerbaijani plateau, the northern regions of Iran, the Alborz Mountains, northeastern Iran (Khorasan), and a limited number of other highlands. Currently, 25 percent of the world's population uses karst water sources for drinking (Gillison, 2003, p. 23). The development and expansion of human resource centers depend on the size of karst resources in a region. Karst waters are able to move more than 1,000 kilometers inland and can be used in other regions such as western Iran (Limestone caves in Kalhorud, Asadabad, etc.). Human distribution and urban development are mainly in the western patterns of Iran in the Zagros. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of karst and non-karst systems onhabitat patterns index in the Romeshkan region according to environmental conditions. Methodology: In this study, the method of synoptic analysis was used. The method of comparing karstic and non-karstic areas was used in terms of how the settlements are distributed. To achieve the objectives of the research, geological maps 1: 250,000, topographic maps 1: 50,000, DEM 15 meters, and Google Earth images were used and the maps were drawn in the Global Mapper and Arc Gis10.5 software environment. After collecting the data, different layers of information were prepared including topographic, geological, karst, scattered caves and karst springs, summer settlements, rural, and urban areas. Each of these layers was matched with the karst areas of the region. Then, descriptive information related to layer overlap was extracted from Arc Gis10.5 software. Discussion Romeshkan is one of the cities of Lorestan province. In terms of geomorphology, it is one of the intermountain plains of the Central Zagros, which is located in the southwest of Lorestan and the northwest of Ilam province. Analysis of Geomorphology and Civilization of the Romeshkan Plain: According to the studied sources and theories of analytical geomorphology of Iran, the Romeshkan plain is one of the inland areas. In this regard, it can be said that it is one of the holes of Iran in the cold and wet Quaternary period. Due to the dissolution in the northwestern parts, its water is drained and it is not possible to trap water at the moment (Safari, 2013, p. 56-57). Oberlander (1956) refers to waterway patterns along with a focal point as evidence of the existence of these lakes. The presence of ancient hills in the bed and margins of these holes is evidence of this claim. In most of these hills, evidence of pottery fragments and remnants of pottery kilns have been found. The presence of such artifacts shows that the shores of the lake were a place of civilization and that the quality of water was far more favorable than during the warmer periods. Investigating the History of Habitation (Index Habitat Patterns) in the Research Area The karst areas are great heritages of original nature, traditional settlements, and the cultural development of local communities over thousands of years. Rich water resources, plant, and animal diversity as effective factors in sedentary have led to the establishment of human settlements of caves, shepherds, and nomadic and rural communities to these days. The stone and water resources of the karst lands, especially in the high levels of karst, west of the Zagros, have created unique architectures and traditional settlements. These perspectives can be a historical representation of the environmental factors, human resources, history, and culture of an ethnic group or nation. Studies conducted over the past few decades by a number of Iranian and foreign archaeologists on some of Iran's caves show that the inhabitants of the Iranian plateau are accustomed to using the cave as a home. These studies show that the caves of Iran have been among the most important caves in the world for human study and the history of evolution and livelihood (Javanshad, 1999, p. 153). Therefore, these areas have a very important historical and cultural value, and efforts should be made to keep these valuable sites. In the present study, three habitat patterns index were seen in the studied area including cave-dwelling, semi-nomadic, and sedentary settlements. Geomorphological studies of caves and habitable shelters show that caves are located within the Asmari formations and Quaternary. Romeshkan, with many springs, has provided more opportunities for cave-dwelling patterns. Important historical caves in Romeshkan include Viznhar Cave, Shir Cave, and Baba Kamal Cave. In this region, semi-nomadic life is associated with the karst and non-karst system, but it is more widespread in karst areas. This way of life starts from the beginning of spring to the beginning of autumn. Due to the expansion and duration of migration, the dependence on the sedentary life covers approximately more than half of the year. In this way of life, the villages on out of the karsts are widely involved. In field surveys, 29 summer settlements in the area were identified, some of which are available. Therefore, the karst morphology of the region has had a great impact on the continuity of this way of life. As the weather warms, this way of life becomes more connected to the karst structure of the region. When the snow melts on the slopes and there is a lot of snow and rain inside the karstic pits, a lot of snow and rain remains and can be extracted and used for the farmers’ water sources (Moghimi et al., 2019: 103). The nomadic pattern in the area represents the ancient settlements of the nomads. In general, the study of identified summer settlements shows that most of them are scattered in karst structures. The Romeshkan region has been one of the important communication crossings between the southwestern regions of Iran and Mesopotamia and has special prosperity. There are ancient hills, castles, manuscripts, and caves of the prehistoric period. Chalcolithic-metal in this area indicates the long history of settlement in these places (Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism Organization of Lorestan Province). The out-of-the-karst areas have been populated by watery springs, and surveys show that the highest density of villages belongs to the margin of the karst areas including the Quaternary alluvial plains and non-karst formations. Conclusion Topographic and geomorphic features in the past, especially in the Quaternary era, have provided suitable environmental conditions for cave life. It can be said that Karst's morphology, compared to other regions, has had favorable and influential conditions on the civil and civilizational patterns around. The model of the cave and semi-nomadic settlements can be adapted to the karst territories. In contrast, the sedentary pattern is affected differently by karst structures. Contrary to the margins of karst and non-karst areas, the special topography of these roughnesses and the scattering of karstic springs in these areas have caused the scattering of settlements. Thus, about 11% of the villages in the region are formed within the karst territories and about 89% in the Quaternary alluvium. In these sediments, groundwater aquifers and access to water resources through springs, wells, and aqueducts have caused a high density of rural areas in this area. Keywords: Karst, Romeshkan, Sedentary Settlements, Cave-dweller, Semi-nomadic. Resources - Andrejchuk, V., (2005). Karst as a Settling Factor. Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Speleology, 21-28 August 2005, Kalamos, Hellas. 1, 331-333. - Baba Jamali, F., Karimi, E., & Javanroui, F. )2016(. Study and Analysis of Ancient Civilizations Using GIS-RS (Case Study: Achaemenid Sites of Marvdasht). Journal of Urban Studies of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, 3(2), 7. - Ministry of Cultural Heritage (2017). Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Lorestan Province. - Gams, I., Nicod, J., Julian, M., Anthony, E., & Sauro, U. (1993). Environmental Change and Human Impacts on the Mediterranean Karsts of France, Italy, and the Dinaric Region. Catena Supplement Journal, 25, 59-98. - Geographical Culture of the Country's Villages. (1996). Geographical Organization of the Armed Forces. - Geographical Organization of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran. (n.d). Topographic Map: 1: 50,000, Sheets (I-II-IV) 5456, (III-IV) 5566. - Geological Survey of Iran. (n.d). Geological Map 1: 250000, No. 20504, Ilam Koohdasht Sheet. - Ghorbani, M. S. (2015). Karst Landscape as an Indicator of Settlement in the Region Kamyaran.Journal of Geographical Research, 47(4), 517-531. - Gillison, D. (2004). Caves, Processes Development and Management. London: Edvard Arnold. - Javanshad, A., (1999). Cave and Cave Rolling. Tehran: Saheb Kowsar Publication. - Mojtahedi, A. (1991). Introduction to the Geography of Settlement in Iran. Journal of Geographical Research, (22), 449-478. - Nikandish, N., Abolhassani, B., Baghbani, Z., Hakiminejad, M. (2013). Ecogeomorphology, Civilization, and Climate Change in the Ancient Silk Hills. National Conference of the Iranian Society of Geomorphology, Faculty of Geography, Tehran. - Nojavan, M. R., Shah Zaidi, S. S., & Ramesht, M. H. (2017). Karst Geomorphology. Tehran: Samt Publication. - Oberlander, T. (1965). The Zagros Streams. University of California, Berkeley, 101-8. - Podobnikar, T., Schoner, M., Jansa, J., & Pfeifer, N. (2009). Spatial Analysis of Anthropogenic Impact on Karst Geomorphology (Slovenia). Environmental Geology, 58, 257–268. - Pulina, M. (1977). Karst Areas in Poland and Their Changes by Human Impact. Landform Analysis, 1, 55-71. - Ramesht, M. H., & Babajmali, F. (2019). Analytical Geomorphology of Iran. Tehran: Samt Publication. - Rezaei, M. (2013). A Study of the Distribution of Bronze Age Settlements in the Romeshkan Plain. Master Thesis, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch. - Saffari, A., Ramesht, M. H., Hatamieh, Fard, R. (2013). Explaining the Paleohydrogeogeomorphological Developments of Kuhdasht Region. Journal of Applied Research in Geographical Sciences, 14(33), 56-57. - Sajjadieh, A. (2003). Report of the First Chapter of Review, Identification, and Documentation of Koohdasht City. Lorestan: Lorestan Cultural Heritage Documentation Center. - Sharifi, M. (2005). Zagros Settlement Complexities in the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene. Essay Journal, 38(39), 355-346.
خلاصه ماشینی:
در اين پژوهش ، چگـونگي اثـر کارسـت و غيرکارست بر الگوهاي شاخص سکونت در منطقۀ رومشکان ارزيابي شـده و براسـاس شـيؤە بررسـي همديـد (سـينوپتيکي) محوطه هاي باستاني سعي شده است با پيمايش و تحليل نقشه ها، روابط فضـايي آنهـا بـا قلمروهـاي کارسـتي و غيرکارسـتي مشخص شود؛ در ادامه الگوهاي استقرار آنها طبقه بندي شد.
نتايج حاصل از اين پژوهش ، سه الگوي شاخص سکونت شامل غارنشيني، نيمه کوچ نشيني و يک جانشيني را تأييد ميکنـد؛ بـا اين توضيح که الگوي يک جانشيني از ساختارهاي غيرکارستي اثر پذيرفته و سـکونت دائـم بـه دليـل شـرايط ژئومورفيـک و هيدرولوژي تابع شرايط خاص محيطي شکل گرفته اسـت ؛ ولـي الگوهـاي غارنشـيني و نيمـه کـوچ نشـيني تطـابق زيـادي بـا قلمروهاي کارستي منطقه داشته اند.
اين حوضه شامل چشم اندازهاي کارسـتي گسـترده اي اسـت کـه فعاليـت هـاي انسـاني را در دوره هاي گذشته تجربه کرده است و مهم ترين تأثير فعاليت هاي انساني را بر منابع طبيعي و تخريب آن نشان ميدهد.
پولينا٢ (١٩٩٧) در پژوهشي در مناطق مرتفع کارستي جنـوب لهسـتان ، سـير تحـولات تـدريجي ايـن منـاطق را از گذشته تاکنون بررسي و سپس به تأثير فعاليت هاي انساني در زمان کنوني بر روند تغييرات چشم انداز و منابع کارسـتي منطقه اشاره کرده است .
نتايج بررسيها نشان ميدهد بيشترين تراکم روستاها متعلـق به حاشيۀ قلمروهاي کارستي، يعني دشت هاي آبرفتي کواترنر و سازندهاي غيرکارسـتي اسـت ؛ بنـابراين بـا توجـه بـه بررسيهاي انجام شده ، سه الگوي سکونت شاخص يعني غارنشيني، نيمه کوچ نشيني و يک جانشيني متأثر از سامانه هاي کارستي و غيرکارستي در منطقه تشخيص داده و بررسي شد.