چکیده:
Disability was a ubiquitous image in the fiction of the nineteenth century, an age which witnessed controversial discussions regarding the questions of normalcy and deviance. Considered by many as the most famous writer of the period, Charles Dickens also widely employed disabled characters in his novels. One of the most memorable of these characters is Tiny Tim, a disabled child in Dickens’s novella A Christmas Carol, whose pathetic condition greatly moves Scrooge, the narrative’s notorious protagonist, facilitating and expediting his spiritual transformation. This paper aims to analyze the character of Tiny Tim and his influence on the main character in the light of the theory of narrative prosthesis. Introduced by disability critics David T. Mitchell and Sharon L. Snyder, the theory holds that disabled characters have served as prosthetic devices in many narratives; that is, they have not been appreciated, described, and understood for who they are as physically / mentally different people. Rather, they have only functioned as metaphors and symbols that have been constructed to convey a moral message to “normal” characters and readers. Research findings show that Tiny Tim exemplifies narrative prosthesis as his short presence in the work only reinforces the ableist discourse of the novella.
ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﯾﮑﯽ از ﺗﺼﺎوﯾﺮ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ در اﺛﺎر ادﺑﯽ ﻗﺮن ﻧﻮزدﻫﻢ ﻣﯿﻼدی اﺳﺖ، ﻋی ﮐﻪ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎت و ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎت ﻓﺮاوان در ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻫﻨﺠﺎر و ﻧﺎﻫﻨﺠﺎری ﺑﻮد .ﯾﮑﯽ از ﺑﻪﯾﺎدﻣﺎﻧﺪﻧﯽ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ اﯾﻦ ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺖ ﻫﺎ، ﺗﯿﻢ ﮐﻮﭼﻮﻟﻮ، ﮐﻮدک ﻣﻌﻠﻮل رﻣﺎن ود ﮐﺮﯾﺴﻤﺲ اﺳﺖ اﻧﮕﯿﺰ او ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪت اﺳﮑﺮوج، ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺖ اول ﺑﯽ اﺣﺴﺎس و ﺧﺴﯿﺲ رﻣﺎن را ﺗﺤﺖ اﯾﻂ رﻗﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ و ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺤﻮل روﺣﯽ او ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮدد .ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﯿﻢ ﮐﻮﭼﻮﻟﻮ در اﯾﻦ رواﯾﺖ، در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺮان ﺷﺪﯾﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺖ ﺗﯿﻢ ﮐﻮﭼﻮﻟﻮ و ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ او ﺑﺮ اﺳﮑﺮوج را ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ «ﭘﺮوﺗﺰ رواﯾﯽ »ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻗﺮار دﻫﯿﻢ .ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس اﯾﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﯿﻦ ﺑﺎر ﺗﻮﺳﻂ دﯾﻮﯾﺪ ﺗﯽ .ﻣﯿﭽﻞ و ﺷﺎرون ال .اﺳﻨﺎﯾﺪر ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﺷﺪ، ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺖ ﻫﺎی ﻣﻌﻠﻮل در ﺑﺴﯿﺎری از اﺛﺎر ادﺑﯽ ﻧﻘﺸﯽ ﭘﺮوﺗﺰی ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪه دارﻧﺪ، ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﮐﻪ ان ﻫﺎ ﻓﯽ ذاﺗﻪ واجد اهمیت نیستند و تنها نمﺎدﻫﺎ و اﺳﺘﻌﺎره ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺪف اﺻﻠﯿﺸﺎن اﻧﺘﻘﺎل پیامی اخلاقی به شخصیت های غیرمعلول و خوانندگان است .نتایج این تحقیق نشان می دهد که شخصیت تیم کوچولو کاملا منطبق بر نظریه پروتز روایی است، زیرا کارکرد او در اثر دیکنز تنها در خدمت شخصیت اول داستان تبلور می یابد