خلاصه ماشینی:
· Let us look at Arabia at the time of the rise of Islam.
We have taken a bird's eye view of Muslim history; now let us look at the various countries where Islam flourishes and see the rise of various religious orders and sects and national movements; a proper understanding of which will alone make us capable of appreciating Islam as it exists to-day and guiding us to a right solution of the problems that confront us here in India.
The Egyptians are trying to pit as broad a construction upon the tenets of Islam as they pos• sibly can and the teachings of the late grand Mufti of Cairo, Shaikh Muhammad Abduh, a rational interpreter of the Qur'an, find great favour with the rising generation.
It advocated the unification of Islam by aboli• tion of sects ; separation of religion and law; greater toleration in matters of conscience, and legislation on European models.
We have a great deal of polemic literature in India on Pa. n-Isl amisrn, all that we need mention here being the works of Mushir Husain Qidwai, and later, the *This is to post-date 'it by quite fifty years.
The. other movement which started from Turkey in about 1914 and which is also very interesting is Pan• T'uramianism; The fundamental idea is the development of Turkish nationalism regardless of religious differences.
The Babi doctrine is really a new religion and can· hardly be called Reformed Islam.