خلاصة:
Poverty is a condition in which a person or community lacks the fundamentals for having a minimum standard of well-being and life. These fundamentals may be material resources such as food, safe drinking water and shelter or they may include social resources like access to information, education, health care, social status and political power, or the opportunity to develop meaningful connections with other people in society. Poverty amid plenty is the world's greatest challenge and eradicating poverty is an ethical, social, political and economic imperative of humankind. To eliminate or reduce poverty it should be measured. The aim of measuring poverty is usually to make economic status comparisons between two or more groups. The present research examined the measures of poverty and then consequences and different aspects of poverty were regarded. Finally poverty reduction and critiques of the poverty measure were described.
ملخص الجهاز:
These fundamentals may be material resources such as food, safe drinking water and shelter or they may include social resources like access to information, education, health care, social status and political power, or the opportunity to develop meaningful connections with other people in society.
However, whilst an array of policies, strategies and tools have been designed and implemented by governments to eradicate poverty, their efficacy is still intensely debated (Chowdhury, 2009; Ricasio, 2006; Sachs, 2005; UN, 2010; UNDP, 2008; Whiteford & Adema, 2007).
The third approach used by the World Bank toestimate the number of people in poverty in some countries uses measures such as the Gross National Product per head together with other indicators or an assumed average income of small number of US dollar a day.
Some social sciences and especially economists, for example, have almost exclusively relied on income consumption and to some extent on human welfare as proxies to understand and measure one's status of pove rty and well-being (Hagenaars & Van Praag, 1985).
While poverty studies have adopted these three broadly constructed definitional and measurement approaches, economic well-being, capability, and social exclusion- meaningful efforts are yet to take place to integrate them.
These studies found that having low education and poor health, being unemployed and living in households with a high number of dependents such as children under 16-years-old, pensioners, disabled, and having residency in rural or remote areas are robust determinants of poverty as measured by objective measures, for example, low income, consumption, or expenditures (Habibov & Afandi, 2009).