ملخص الجهاز:
""42 Imam Khomeini clearly identified nationalism with reactionary forces and with colonial powers who encouraged nationalistic feelings among Muslims in order to foster disunity.
" The Prophet felt that such words would motivate nationalistic sentiments among the Muslims; thus he warned the man right away to take pride in his religion instead of his nationality.
61 However, like his fellow nationalists in the West, he spoke of Russian nationalism as the religion and thus "was a prophet not of a universal God but of the Russian God in whom he saw ‘the way, and the truth, and the life’: no man and no people could come to salvation but by Him.
Based on the monotheistic teachings of Islam, God’s prophets were sent in order to, among other tasks, call humankind to acknowledge the Oneness of God, to bring human beings’ life into order and safeguard the rights of the people –regardless of their nationality- "to keep a balance between their rights and their duties" and then to establish social justice.
86 In the nineteenth century the Muslim world was stirred by the teachings of two insightful figures, Sayyid Jamāl al-Din (1838- 1896/97) and Shaykh Muhammad ‘Abduh (1849-1905), the "two champions of the Pan-Islamic movement.
" Consequently, even among the orthodox Arabs, Shi‘ites, and Sunnites, the Pan-Islamic idea received an encouraging response, although theoretically they could not recognize Abdul-Hamid as caliph,93 probably because they realized that the Qur’an did not predict the office of Caliph."