خلاصة:
India is one of the countries that has had diverse civilizations from the distant past, so in architectural standpoint, this country is rich and varied. The arrival of Islam in India and the formation of Islamic governments led to the formation of a certain type of Islamic architecture in this subcontinent. The architecture of Indian mosques is evaluated as a prominent model of Islamic architecture of subcontinent.
This study is based on the assumption that the pattern of Indian mosques architecture is a combination of early Iranian-Islamic architecture of mosques and Indian vernacular architecture. Finding the roots of Architectural features of Indian mosques is the subject of this article. In this paper, the influence of early Islamic mosques’ architecture and rich and historical architecture of India on Indian mosques architecture before the arrival of Islam and the architecture of developed Islamic civilizations in the Indian neighborhoods such as Iran, is studied. Generally Indian mosques architectural features include prayer-hall in the Qibla direction, existence of courtyard, Four-Iwan pattern, crusts odd divisions, especially triple ones, presence of mosque in plaza and its position on a Soffeh (in height), access to the mosque entrances by wide stairs, triple divisions of Gonbad Khane in the Qibla direction and the use of transparent porticos around courtyard (Half of the outer crust that has external view). Finding the roots of features of above architecture in this paper will lead to a discovery of Indian mosques architectural patterns.
ملخص الجهاز:
Generally Indian mosques architectural features include prayer-hall in the Qibla direction, existence of courtyard, Four-Iwan pattern, crusts odd divisions, especially triple ones, presence of mosque in plaza and its position on a Soffeh (in height), access to the mosque entrances by wide stairs, triple divisions of Gonbad Khane in the Qibla direction and the use of transparent porticos around courtyard (Half of the outer crust that has external view).
Ajanta, Ellora, and Alfanta temples were selected from the pre-Islamic vernacular architecture in India, Al-Masjid an-Nabi (PBUH) from the basic architecture of the Islamic era, "Fahraj Mosque" as an early Iranian mosque and "Isfahan Jame mosque" as a complete sample of Iranian mosques.
Triple divisions, accessing by huge stairs, existence of specified entrances and stone statues and decorations are the other architectural features of caves (Fig. 2 & 3).
Therefore, the structure of the form in Isfahan Jame mosque has emerged from pre- Islamic vernacular models of Iranian architecture" (Dizany, 2013: 16).
Their similar features to the architecture of Early Islamic mosques patterns are prayer-hall in Qibla direction, entrance to the courtyard and the mosque central position.
Features that adapted from Iranian mosques architectural pattern include the four-Iwan pattern that can be seen as bidirectional specified entrances around the courtyard of Indian mosques.
Conclusion This study showed that architectural features in basic mosques in India are a combination of Indian temples architecture features and patterns of early Islamic mosques such as locating based on Qibla direction, removing sculptures and motifs of human and animals.