خلاصة:
The present article deals with the issues of nationalization and expropriation in the
light of Iran-United States Claims Tribunal Awards by looking at their legality and
the limits on the rights of states to nationalise and expropriate, while discussing some
case law. I will argue that the state’s right to nationalize foreign property is an
attribute of its sovereignty and derives from territorial supremacy of the state. It is
also proposed to examine the questions of State responsibility for the injurious
consequences of certain wrongful acts or omissions during the Revolution of 1979. The
question is whether the events of the revolution and the appointment of temporary
managers to administer the foreign companies’ affairs could be interpreted as
constituting an expropriation and whether this measure is in full accord with
international jurisprudence. The Tribunal’s decisions make it clear that regardless of
whether the state has obtained any value of property or not, responsibility exists
whenever acts attributable to a state have deprived a foreigner of his property rights.
مقاله حاضر موضوعات مربوط به ملی کردن و سلب مالکیت را در پرتو اراء دیوان ایران و آمریکا با
عنایت به مشروعیت و محدودیت حقوق دولتها در ملی کردن و سلب مالکیت ، ضمن بحث از سابقه
قضایی مورد بررسی قرار می دهد. استدلال من این خواهد بود که حقوق دولت در ملی کردن اموال
خارجی، مشخصه حاکمیت دولت و ناشی از تفوق سرزمینی وی می باشد. مقاله همچنین به بررسی
سوالات راجع به مسئولیت دولت برای اثار زیان بار برخی اعمال غیر قانونی و ترک فعلهای ناشی از
انقلاب 1979 ایران خواهد پرداخت. سوال این است که ایا وقایع انقلاب و انتصاب مدیران موقت
برای مدیریت امور شرکتهای خارجی می تواند به عنوان سلب مالکیت تلقی شود و ایا این امر در
انطباق کامل با رویه بین المللی قرار دارد یا خیر . تصمیمات دیوان روشن می کند که مسئولیت، هنگامی
که اعمال قابل انتساب به یک دولت ، یک خارجی را از حقوق مالکانه محروم نموده است- موجود
است، صرف نظر از این که ایا دولت هیچ گونه ارزشی را از دارایی تحصیل نموده است یا خیر.
:
ملخص الجهاز:
"Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Mazandaran University Introduction On January 19, 1981 the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal Settlement Declaration was established by virtue of Claim Settlement Declaration to resolve legal and financial disputes existing between the Government of Iran and American nationals arising out of expropriations or other measures affecting property rights.
Referring to the case concerning Certain German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia the Tribunal in Amoco held that: This (the right of States to nationalize foreign property for a public purpose) is today unanimously accepted even by States which reject the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources, considered by a majority of States as the legal foundation of such a right.
To attribute the international responsibility to the state involved in expropriation and deprivation cases, it is the claimant’s obligation to seek hard and conclusive evidence including deliberate government interference or intentional obstruction or illegal interference with the use of the property.
Islamic Republic of Iran, concerning the taking of tangible personal property by Revolutionary Guards, the Tribunal upheld a claim for the expropriation of the contents of the claimant’s offices in Tehran by the Revolutionary Guards by stating that "under public international law the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran must be deemed responsible for the actions of the Revolutionary Guards".
By reliance on Article II (1) of the Claims Settlement Declaration, the Tribunal stated that: Such interference, attributable to the Iranian Government or other state organs of Iran while not amounting to an expropriation, gives rise to a right to compensation for the loss of enjoyment of the property in question."