خلاصة:
The different offered definitions of “Neighborhood Unit” in various approaches and viewpoints by different specialized views, on the one hand; and excessive attention to expert-oriented and reduced viewpoints as well as neglecting residents’ perception of the neighborhood on the other hand necessitate providing a complete and exact definition of neighborhood which can cover all approaches and viewpoints. Therefore, this paper applied the content analysis research method – descriptive content analysis- to analyze the numerous important neighborhood definitions meticulously. It scrutinizes two different approaches, specialized views (expert-oriented) and the perceptual approach (resident-oriented) in order to extract the most appropriate and repeated indicators, and finally introduce a comprehensive definition of neighborhood according to these indicators. Result show significant differences exist between neighborhood characteristics according to the definitions given by experts, famous theories and perceptual understanding of residents. For instance the definitions of neighborhood center(s), land uses, boundaries of neighborhood and etc. were used to derive the final appropriate indicators obtained from both approaches. The indicators are: neighborhood boundaries including streets and traffic roads; natural elements and social distinctions such as racial or ethnical distinctions; neighborhood area as it is perceptible for residents (50-500 acres); neighborhood land use (providing daily and weekly needs, appropriate access); economic- social homogeneity (social class, and income level of residents, land value); social interaction (social relations and residents’ participation); and semantic and particular symbols of neighborhood (natural and historical characteristics and neighborhood meanings).
ملخص الجهاز:
237) A District Including Many Allied Blocks, Environed by Perceived Boundaries Such as Topographical Boundaries and Transport Lines Homogeneous Social and Economic Characteristics of Residents (Chaskin, 1997) A District Including Few Blocks Daily Services and Functions Like Church A Primary Unit to Create Identity and Local Social Nodes Duany and Zyberk 1994 (new urbanism theory) (Farr, 2007) (Cowan, 2005) - ¼ Mile Radius (Approximately 5 Min - Certain Neighborhood Center Elementary School in Neighborhood Center, Public Transportation - Balanced Combination of Human Activities, Social Mix Calthorpe 1993 (TOD pattern) (Farr, 2007) (Grant, 2006) (Caltrhope, 1993) - Semi- circle Form District, 160-Acre Area -10 Min Walking Radius to Public Transportation Station - 160-Acre Area Mixed Functions, Mixed Residential Patterns, Considering Streets Hierarchy - Creating Unity Among Different Ages and Social Groups and Creating Sense of Place Kearns & Parkinson (2001) A Space to Move through Out for Social and Economic Activities Such as Visiting Friends and Shopping Combination of Social Organization and Built Environment Contributes to One’s Identity (for west palm development plan) (Stephenson, 2002 5 Min Walking Distance from City Center Educational and Cultural Center, Park, Commercial Areas and Offices 1800 Urban village theory (Neal, 2003) (Magnaghi & Kerr, 2005) Emphasis on the Space as Neighborhood Center Mixed Uses, Mixed Residential Patterns, Necessary Services and Facilities an Appropriate Walking Distance of Residential Units Residential Participation in Planning and Management of Neighborhood, - Neighborhood Center as a Civic Space for Social Relations and Public Gathering (Martin, 2003) Place where Human Activities, Social Interactions, Political and Social- economic Commitments Occur (Spreiregen and De Paz, 2006) - Approximately 3 Miles Radius - Approximately 18000 Acre Area Drugstore, Automobile Services, Supermarket & Daily Services in Neighborhood Center 7500- 20000 American planning association (2006) More Than 3 Face- blocks Park, Public Spaces, Services Center Appropriate to Evoke Direct Resident Participation Rather than Appropriate for Economic Development Leed rating system (us green building council, 2006) Almost 320 Acre Civic and Public Spaces, Mixed Uses, Public Transportation, (Vidyarth, 2010) (for Delhi master plan in 1962) Including 4 -6 Alleys School, Daily and Weekly Stores (Gibbs, 2011) Approximately 1/5 Miles Radius Daily Services Like Drugstore and Bakery 2000 (Park and Rogers, 2014) 125 – 500 Acre Area Central Activity Points Like School and Parks, Retail Stores and Daily- weekly Services and Facilities Homogeneous Social and Economic Characteristics of Residents, Similar Economic Values of Houses - Population 500-5000 The Conclusion of Mentioned Characteristics for Obtaining the Indicators of the First Approach The criterion for selecting the indicators is the frequency of being repeated in the tables.