ارزیابی و تحلیل سطوح پایداری شهری درسکونت‌گاه‌های غیررسمی مهاباد مقالة

یکی از مهم‌ترین نتایج شهرنشینی معاصر، پیدایش و گسترش محلات آسیب‌پذیر در متن یا حاشیه شهرها است. معمولاً ساکنان این واحدها را سکنه غیررسمی می‌دانند که در شهرها زندگی می‌کنند ولی به دلیل مجموعه عواملی نتوانسته‌اند جذب نظام اقتصادی-اجتماعی شهر شوند و به‌عنوان یک شهروند از امکانات و خدمات شهری بهره ببرند. لذا عدم برخورد منطقی با این واقعیت، دستیابی به توسعه پایدار شهری را با چالش اساسی مواجه می‌سازد. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، ارزیابی و تحلیل سطوح پایداری و ناپایداری شهری در سکونتگاه‌های غیررسمی شهر مهاباد و تلاش برای ارائه راهکارهایی برای ساماندهی آن‌ها است. روش تحقیق پژوهش حاضر توصیفی-تحلیلی و شیوه جمع‌آوری داده‌ها اسنادی و میدانی بوده است. حجم نمونه نیز از طریق فرمول کوکران به تعداد 381 به‌دست‌آمده است و روش توزیع پرسشنامه‌ها و نمونه‌ها به شکل نمونه‌گیری تصادفی مشخص‌شده است و با نرم‌افزار SPSS تحلیل ‌شده است. سپس با تعیین متغیرهایی در هر یک از مؤلفه‌های سه‌گانه «اجتماعی-فرهنگی»، «اقتصادی» و «زیست‌محیطی» پایداری شهری مانند کیفیت و قدمت ساختمان، نوع مصالح و میزان دوام، سرانه کاربری، شیب، درصد باسوادی، بعد خانوار، تعداد خانوار، اوقات فراغت، خانوارهای بهره‌مند از امکانات، بیکاری، نوع شغل، بارتکفل، درآمد سرپرست خانوار به تفکیک محلات غیررسمی مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج تحقیق نشان می‌دهد؛ میزان پایداری در تمامی متغیرهای انتخاب‌ شده بسیار پایین است؛ اما در حالت کلی محله‌های سنجان آباد، کوی دانشگاه و شهرک کارمندان غربی شرایط مطلوب‌تر و وضعیت برخوردارتری را به لحاظ پایداری شاخص‌ها به نسبت سایر محلات دارا می‌باشند. در مقابل محلات پشت تپ، باغ شایگان و کانی صوفی طه از وضعیت نامساعدتر و محروم‌تری برخوردار می‌باشند. با توجه به یافته‌های پژوهش به نظر می‌رسد مهم‌ترین راهکار اجرایی جهت کاهش و تعدیل اسکان غیررسمی در شهر مهاباد به‌کارگیری راهبردهای ساماندهی و توانمندسازی این محله‌ها در سطوح ملی-منطقه‌ای و محلی به‌صورت هماهنگ است.

Introduction: One of the important results of modern urbanization, the emergence and spread of vulnerable neighborhoods in the text or margins of towns. Usually residents of these units considered the informal residents who live in cities but the reasons have not been able to absorb of the economic-social systems and a citizen and enjoy the facilities and utilities. The lack of logic dealing with the reality of achieving sustainable urban development poses a major challenge. By reducing the general level of people's lives, especially in urban communities during the past two decades by the UN's approach to urban sustainability was introduced. The task of sustainable development, reduction of unemployment, poverty and the dysfunction. Excessive expansion of Mahabad with severe immigration, demographic and physical changes have been inappropriate. The formation of community-based social segregation and replacement of low-income classes in marginal and old neighborhoods, disparities between neighborhoods and public facilities in the enjoyment of sustainability indicators and problems of social and spatial segregation, the city's stability is threatened. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess and analyze the level sustainability and unsustainability in urban the informal settlements in Mahabad and effort to provide solutions for their organization. Matherials and Methods The research method of present study was descriptive - analytical and data collection was survay and documentary. The sample size of 328 is obtained by the Cochrane formula and the method of distribution questionnaires and has been to a random sample and analyzed with SPSS software. Then determine the variables in each of the three components of "social - cultural", "economic" and "environmental" sustainability, such as the quality and age of building, type of durable materials, per capita land use, slope, percent literacy, number of households, dimension of households, leisure, families take advantage of opportunities, unemployment, occupation, load Dependents -income households in informal neighborhoods were analyzed separately. As the questionnaire is provided on the basis of factors identified in the research and the expert's view, therefore, the validity is confirmed automatically. Also, it is used to determine the reliability statistics Cronbach's alpha. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0/76, which indicates acceptable reliability. In this research, Softwares of Word and excel is used. Results And Discussion Stability Analysis marginalized neighborhoods in the city of Mahabad in terms of the physical body and four indicators of the slope, per capita land, building age and type of material and the quality and durability, these results that in terms of the slope with the neighborhood WEST Karmandan which is on the down slope conditions are more favorable. While 9 neighborhood slope conditions better than 10 percent and not suitable conditions. This neighborhoods In terms of per capita urban area than the city of Mahabad and standards are low. Sanjan Abad neighborhood with maximum acceptable buildings is quality good buildings while the neighborhood POSHTAP; with the 5/36 destruction of the building is unstable situation. In the the neighborhoods of Koye Koye Daneshgah and Sanjan Abad of brick and iron materials used in buildings with 98.9 and 97.5 respectively more than other communities And In the general stability of the two neighborhoods in the type and quality of materials and withstand disasters is better. To evaluate the stability of marginalized communities in Mahabad in terms of socio-cultural status indicators of literacy, the number and size of household, leisure and percentage of households benefit from the facilities were used. The total literacy rate in the neighborhoods of Sanjan Abad (83.7%) and Daneshgh (83.1%) than in other neighborhoods. In front of neighborhoods of Bghe Shayegan (7/72) and e Ashabhe (6/73) have lower literacy rates. Also female literacy rate as one of the important indicators of socio-cultural stability in the neighborhoods of Koye Daneshgah (79.3%) and Sanjan Abad (76.7%) than in other communities. 44% of residents of informal settlements of Mahabad city have stated that no such thing as leisure time and indicates that the socio-cultural sustainability of communities is low. A variety of leisure activities in the areas is very limited. In general, West Karmandan and Sanjan Abad neighborhood conditions are more favorable in terms of having the facilities and against neighborhoods Poshtap and Kani Sofi Taha terms of facilities have the undesirable situation. In the overall impact of all economic indicators showed that the neighborhoods Sanjan Abad in economic terms are better than in other areas and against Bghe Shayegan neighborhood is economically undesirable conditions. This neighborhood with 16 percent unemployment and Burden dependent 4.7 people in the lowest economic situation. In fact, the lack of human and social capital formation In the these areas and costs resulting from the lack of physical and mental health, negative effect on other urban areas will follow. Conclusions The results show that, the sustainability is very low in all selected variables.But in general, the neighborhoods Senjen Abad, Koye Daneshgah and Shahrak Karmandan Gharbi to have more favorable conditions and terms of sustainability indicators than most other neighborhoods.In front of neighborhoods Posht Tap, Bghe Shayegan and Kani Sofi Taha the situation was less favorable and are a more diprived.The our findings appear to be the most important operational Strategy to reduce and moderating informal settlements in the city of Mahabad by using of strategies for organizing and enabling these neighborhoods at the national levels national, reginal and local is coordinated. Suggestions to improve the informal neighborhoods of the Mahabad city are as follows:- Encouraging and guiding residents to participate in all stages of decision-making, planning and environmental sanitation projects; - Low-interest loans in order to provide jobs and living facilities, housing and employment based on the individual; also the identification of households without any type of insurance covered the families; - Improving urban land use per capita in urban areas by increasing per capita In the culture, education and trade with government support and public participation; - Active neighborhood centers (retail and street vending organized small-scale plus service locations) along with job creation; - Creation of recreational facilities in communities and social programs in order to identify ways of spending leisure time of youth, women and men through a small useless dead spaces within the neighborhood green spaces and places to pause and hesitate to use residents and pedestrians; - Planning for the problem of disposal of surface water and cover channels.

«زیست محیطی» پایداری شهری مانند کیفیت و قدمت ساختمان ، نوع مصالح و میزان دوام ، سرانه کاربری، شیب ، درصد باسوادی، بعد خانوار، تعداد خانوار، اوقات فراغت ، خانوارهای بهره مند از امکانات ، بیکاری، نوع شغل ، بارتکفل ، درآمد سرپرست خانوار به تفکیک محلات غیررسمی مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت . مقدمه امروزه اغلب مردم این احساس عمومی را دارند که مناطق شهری نامطلوب و نامناسب برای زندگی و فعالیت میباشد، زیرا افزایش جمعیت و رشد شتابان شهرنشینی در دهه های گذشته آثار سویی را به دنبال داشته است که از آن جمله میتوان به توزیع کالبدی ناموزون شهرها، ایجاد محلات حاشیه ای، فقر و رکود استانداردهای زندگی کمبود مراکز خدماتی و نهایتا نابرابری در برخورداری از امکانات اشاره نمود (صالحی، ١٣٨٥: ٢). (به تصویر صفحه مراجعه شود) شکل ١: ابعاد توسعه پایدار شهری مواد و روش ها روش تحقیق در پژوهش حاضر، توصیفی-تحلیلی و به صورت مطالعه تطبیقی و مقایسه ای بین شاخص های پایداری در محلات غیررسمی شهر مهاباد میباشد. برای ارزیابی میزان پایداری محلات حاشیه نشین شهر مهاباد به لحاظ وضعیت اجتماعی-فرهنگی شاخص های درصد باسوادی، تعداد و بعد خانوار، اوقات فراغت و درصد خانوارهای بهره مند از امکانات مورد استفاده قرار گرفت . در سکونتگاه های غیررسمی شهر مهاباد ٤٤% از ساکنان اظهار داشته اند که چیزی به نام اوقات فراغت ندارند که رقم قابل توجهی است و نشانگر این است که پایداری اجتماعی-فرهنگی محلات در سطح پایینی قرار دارد.