نقد و بررسی برهان اختفای الهی جان شلنبرگ، بر مبنای تناهی صفات فعلی و حکمت الهی مقالة

صفات محدود و مقیدِ فعلیِ خداوند‌‌‌‌، تجلّی و بُروز صفات مطلقِ ذاتی او در مقام فعل هستند‌‌‌‌، اما محدودیت آنها به جهت اِعمال توأمان آنها در کنار یکدیگر و در ارتباط با مخلوقات است. در میان صفات فعلی‌‌‌‌، صفتِ «حکمت» - تجلّی صفت ذاتی علم - حاکم بر دیگر صفات بوده و تقیّد‌بخشِ آنهاست. جان شلنبرگ، در «برهان اختفای الهی» از تمایز میان این دو دسته صفات غفلت کرده و همین امر سبب شده تا اولاً با اتخاذ رویکردی تشبیهی‌‌‌‌، عشق الهی را صورت مطلق شدهٔ عشق انسانی قلمداد کند. ثانیاً‌‌، با خلط میان صوَر مختلفِ عشق، یعنی آگاپه و اروس، درک نادرستی از عشق الهی و میزانِ اطلاق آنها داشته باشد و ثالثاً، به‌ رغم صحت تأکید شلنبرگ بر تمایز میان برهان اختفا و برهان شر‌‌‌‌، استفادهٔ او از اختفا - به عنوان مورد نقضی بر عشقِ نامتناهیِ الهی‌‌‌‌ - به نوعی، بازگشت به برهان شر را به ذهن مخاطب متبادر می‌کند و برداشت و بهره‌گیری‌ای نادرست است. بر مبنای صفت فعلی حکمت، می‌توان نشان داد که اختفای الهی - بر خلاف مدعای شلنبرگ‌‌‌‌ - نه‌تنها نقضی بر عشق الهی نیست‌‌‌، بلکه مظهری از عشق حکیمانهٔ خداوند به انسان‌هاست که در این نوشتار به برخی از این حکمت‌ها اشاره خواهد شد.

Introduction Man’s request for God’s revelation, His visibility, a direct connection to Divine angels or at least, being shown with more experiential evidence by God has been one of man’s historical demands from Divine prophets. Human beings’ great inclination to make idols or choosing totems rises from this very demand for the tangibility and visualization of gods. John Schellenberg, an analytic philosopher, taking inspiration from this historical demand, for the first time in 1993 presented the Divine Hiddenness Argument as a reason for the inexistence of God. According to him, one of the requisites of Divine absolute love is that God is not indifferent to His enlightened, sincere seekers and in case they are unable to find convincing evidence, He would deal responsibly regarding their fate by presenting them with more evidence and prevent their tending towards atheism; however, God failed in this regard and proof of that is the existence of logical unbelievers or agnostics. Therefore, through a deductive argument, one can consider Divine hiddenness as a contradiction to Divine absolute love and ultimately, as proof of the inexistence of God. Summary Schellenberg’s supposition in his argument is the absoluteness of the attribute of God’s love. If one is able to challenge this foundation of his argument in terms of the extent of absoluteness and that Divine absolute love is not absolute in the action aspect, his argument, in order to reach his sought conclusion, would fail. The goal of this study is to respond to the following questions: how is Schellenberg’s approach in understanding the meaning and instance of Divine absolute love? Are Divine essential attributes absolute in the action aspect and in relation to creation? Has Schellenberg paid attention to the distinction between God’s essential and action attributes in presenting his argument? By adopting an analogous view in understanding the attribute of Divine love, Schellenberg has considered Divine love to be an absolute form of human love and he believes their difference to only be quantitative. Accordingly, he believes that since in human love, the perfection of the beloved is the manifestation of responsible behavior and is because of a commitment to the sincere expression of the love of his lover and he too must seek to establish a relationship with his lover; therefore, God must also deal responsibly in regards to His lovers and sincere seekers and by presenting more evidence, seek to establish a relationship with them. Since between the two forms of love – agape and eros – the best state is love without expectations, i.e. agape; Schellenberg considers God’s love to be agape. This is while the necessity of establishing a relationship is not one of the requisites of agape love. Therefore, the lack of establishing a relationship on God’s part with His sincere seekers – even in case of the validity of Schellenberg’s claim – is not a proof of a contradiction in Divine love. It seems Schellenberg has confused the two forms of love to adopt an analogous view. One of the classifications of God’s attributes is the division of His attributes into essential and action attributes. Essential attributes are the sources of the action attributes; God’s action attributes derive from a position of action and in respect to being attached to material existents which form one side of the association, they are bound to temporal and locative conditions; even though in respect to being attached to God who is the other side of the association, they are free of such limits and conditions. It seems that Schellenberg has not paid heed to the receptive limits of existents. Another matter that has caused these attributes to be limited is the simultaneous application of these attributes in regards to existents, which has caused these attributes also to limit each other. However, among Divine action attributes, wisdom – the manifestation of the essential attribute of knowledge – is dominant over His other attributes and is the constrainer and guarantor of God’s absolute perfection. Therefore, one can consider Divine hiddenness to be a manifestation of His wise love and present defenses based on man’s free will - in the two areas of cognition and action – from in.

همچنين به مقايسه ديدگاه انديشمنداني نظير پل موزر و تأکيد او بر ويژگي مثبت و لازم اختفـاي الهـي در الهيات مسيحي و ديدگاه شلنبرگ بر مبناي استدلال خفاء (عليزماني و محمدپور، ۱۳۹۵)، واکـاوي مفـاهيمي نظير خفاء و عشق در برهان خفاي الهي از منظر فلسفه اسلامي (افضـلي و رضـانـژاد، ۱۳۹۷) و نيـز ارزيـابي تقرير نوين شلنبرگ از مسئله منطقي شر بر مبناي سه باور ديني مؤمنان و بـر ايـن اسـاس ، تضـعيف دفـاع اختيارگرايانه پلانتينگـا از مسـئله شـر (نـام آور، نبـوي و سـعيدي مهـر، ۱۳۹۶)، توجـه شـده اسـت ، امـا وجـه مغفول مانده در اين زمينه ارتباط ميان صفات ذاتي خداونـد؛ نظيـر صـفت عشـق و خيرخـواهي ، علـم و ِ قدرت با صفات فعلي او همچون حکمت ، عدالت ، ظهور و بطون و... طريق وصول به معناي عشق الهي، از نگاه شلنبرگ سؤالي که براي هر انسان آگاه و اهل تأملي مطرح ميشود، ايـن اسـت کـه آيـا خداونـد بـه لحـاظ ذات و صفات به موجودات ديگر شبيه است و يا موجودي به کلي ديگر و متفاوت با آنهاست ؟ سؤال اساسـي ايـن است که چه نسبت و تمايزي ميان صفات اطلاق شده بر ساحت حق تعـالي و صـفات حـوزه ممکنـات ، ِ وجود دارد؟ آيا صفات اين دو حوزه هستي ، مباين همديگرنـد يـا نسـبت و سـنخيتي بـا يکـديگر دارنـد؟ به بيان ديگر، آيا صفاتي که به خداوند نسبت ميدهيم ، همان معنا و چارچوبي را دارند که ممکنات دارنـد يا مطلب به گونه ديگري است ؟ شلنبرگ ، در باب کيفيت و چگونگي وصول به صفات الهي، بر اين اعتقاد است کـه در پژوهش هـاي مربوط به خداوند و براي شناخت صفاتي نظير علم ، قدرت ، خير بودن و...