خلاصة:
لم يكن الدين الاسلامي في يوم من الايام منغلقا على نفسه وانما انفتح على الامم والحضارات الاخرى ودعى للافادة من ارث تلك الامم الثقافي والحضاري وانتقاء ما يوائم طبيعة ومنهج الدين الاسلامي الحضاري والاخلاقي وعدم الاكتفاء بذلك بل شجع ابنائه على تطوير تلك العلوم وابتكار معارف جديدة لم تكن معروفة من قبل. ولم يقتصر اهتمام العرب المسلمين بالعلوم الدينية والعلوم المرتبطة بها وانما شمل العلوم الصرفة ايضا التي تعود بفائدتها على المجتمع الاسلامي كالطب والحساب وفروعه والكيمياء وعلم الفلك او مايعرف بعلم الهيئة ،وعكفوا على قراءة المؤلفات المختصة بهذه العلوم ككتب اليونان والفرس والهند وترجمتها للعربية لاسيما بعد انتعاش حركة الترجمة في العصر العباسي التي كان لها دور كبير في اطلاع العرب على علوم الامم الاخرى والافادة منها .وعلم الفلك احد العلوم التي اهتم بهاالعرب منذ عصور موغلة في القدم فالانسان في سجيته دائم التطلع للسماء ورصد النجوم وحركة الاجرام السماوية وحفظ وتدوين الاوقات التي يظهر فيها كل جرم من تلك الاجرام واثره على الانسان و المكان الذي يظهر فيه.وبعد ظهور الاسلام زاد الاهتمام بعلم الفلك للحاجة اليه في تحديد وضبط الاوقات الخاصة بالعبادات ،بيد ان هذا العلم كان يسير بخطى بطيئة وبجهود فردية ذاتية لبعض العلماء معتمدين في ارصادهم على العين المجردة او بعض الالات البسيطة .ولم نلحظ اي اهتمام للدولة بالمراصد الفلكية الا في عهد المامون (195ه – 218هـ ) عندما امر بانشاء اولى المراصد في الدولة العربية الاسلامية في بغداد ودمشق وزودها باحدث الالات المعروفة انذاك ، فضلا عن العلماء المختصين بعلم الفلك ،ومن بعدها اقيمت العديد من المراصد وفي انحاء متفرقة من الدولة العربية الاسلامية كسمرقند ومراغة والعراق وبلاد الشام ومصر.اتسمت المراصد الفلكية في بدايتها بالبساطة من حيث البناء والادوات او الالات المتوفرة فيها، ولكنها تطورت بمرور الزمن سيما في الالات المستخدمة في الارصاد التي ابتكرها العرب المسلمين حصيلة لدراساتهم المعمقة التي ضمنتها مصنفاتهم العلمية الكثيرة، وظهر العديد من العلماء العرب المسلمين الذين عملوا في هذه المراصد وحظوا بدعم الخلفاء والامراء .وكان من نتائج هذا الدعم وصول العلماء العرب المسلمين لاكتشافات علمية لايزال العلم الحديث يدين لهم بالفضل في اكتشافها
One day , the Islamic Religion was not limited , but it opened the way to the nations and
other civilizations and called to benefit from the cultural and civilized heritage of that nations , in
addition to select what is appropriate the nature and the method of the Islamic Civilization and Ethical
Religion and not only do so , but it encouraged the people to develop that sciences and create new fields
that were not known before.
The Arab Muslims did not interest only with religious and associated sciences , but they
interested with pure sciences that benefit Islamic society as medicine , algebra and its branches ,
astronomy or what is known as the science of the body . They stopped reading the books of these sciences
as the books of Greece, Persia and India and translate it into Arabic language , especially after the
translation in Abbasid period recovered that it had a great role in informing the Arabs of the other nations
sciences and benefit.
Astronomy is one of the sciences which are interested with the Arabs since old periods , the
human being is always looking for the sky and observing the stars and the movement of celestial bodies
,in addition to keep and record the times when each of these objects appears and its impact on man and
the place where it appears .
After the human being appear , the interest in astronomy increased because of it is necessary in
limiting and organizing the times of acts of worship and determining the first day of each month to control
the time of fasting and hajj and other acts of worship . This science was continued slowly and selfindividual
efforts to some scholars who are adopted in their observations on naked eye and some simple
machines .
The State did not interest with this side only some signals showed that the caliphs and princes
are interested with astronomy and stars , but this interest did not consider a courage to the scholars and
urge them to translate the books of this science without necessary support for developing astronomy as
establish scientific observatory with creative machines at that time and we did not witness as this support
only in Mamoon period ( 195 AH-218 AD) When he ordered establishment the first Arab-Islamic
observatories in Baghdad and Damascus and provided it with the modern machines that are known at that
time as well as scientists specialized in astronomy . Then , many observatories established in various parts
of the Arab Islamic State such as Marqand, Maragha, Iraq, Levant and Egypt .
Astronomical observatories marked simple of building , tools and machines , but it developed
over time , especially the machines that are used in observatories that Arabs created as a result of their
deep study that are included in their scientific books that it became a basis of the basis upon which the
West has establish their theories in this field of human knowledge .
Also we notice that there are two types of observatories of first establishment that is made by
individual efforts of specialized scientists and the second made by the State , each one has specifications ,
but the selected site shall be high and far away the human centers .
The research included an introduction , abstract and three chapters , the first chapter talk about
the historical background of the observatory and the most important observatories in the Islamic Orient ,
the second deals with the observatories in Levant and Egypt and the third is the scientific discoveries of
the Arab Islamic observatories and the people who are worked in .