خلاصة:
بخشی از رشد و توسعۀ شهری کشورها تابع موقعیت جغرافیایی آنهاست. توسعۀ شهرهای مرزی بیشترین وابستگی را به موقعیت جغرافیایی و فاکتورهایی مانند مبادلات اقتصادی، فرهنگی و سیاسی آنها با فضای پیرامونی دارد. پیرانشهر در آذربایجان غربی، یکی از این شهرهای مرزی است که بهدلیل موقعیت جغرافیاییاش، بهلحاظ توسعه در وضعیت حاشیهای قرار گرفته است. در این مقاله، نقش موقعیت جغرافیایی در توسعۀ شهر مرزی پیرانشهر و تأثیرات آن بر تحولات ناشی از گسترش اقتصاد مرزی آن بررسی میشود. پژوهش حاضر توصیفی-تحلیلی است و مستندات و دادههای مورد نیاز آن، با مطالعات کتابخانهای، مراجعه به سازمانها و آمارنامهها و همچنین مطالعات میدانی گردآوری شده است. مطابق نتایج، مبادلات اقتصادی با کردستان عراق موجب اشتغالزایی، تغییر نقش و کارکرد اقتصادی شهر، گسترش کالبدی و تغییر کاربری زمین شده است. همچنین مشاهدات نشان میدهد درنتیجۀ مبادلات مرزی، نقش اولیۀ نظامی-امنیتی شهر بهسوی کارکرد تجاری-خدماتی در حال تغییر است. با توجه به این مهم، ضروری است ضمن توجه به نقش واسطهای - فراهمسازی مواد اولیۀ مورد نیاز داخلی و ایجاد دریچهای برای صادرات محصولات تولیدی - توجهی ویژه به مقولۀ ساماندهی و مدیریت یکپارچۀ مبادلات و حداقلسازی پیامدهای منفی آن صورت گیرد.
The impact of economic exchanges on the development of border cities: case study of Piranshahr cityExtended AbstractIntroductionOne of the methods of regional interactions is the expansion of exchanges between border regions. Expanding such exchanges is beneficial for countries and can help build trust and reduce border challenges. The establishment of border markets can be used to expand regional cooperation. It is also an economic solution to reduce the crisis in these areas. Urban growth and development in all countries, to a certain extent, is a function of geographical location. Central cities usually exhibit faster growth when compared to peripheral cities. A border city is a spatial residential phenomenon located within a certain distance of the border. The growth of such a city follows factors such as economic, cultural, and political exchange with the interior and exterior space of the country. These factors can guide the city towards the development of certain actions and thus play an effective role in its spatial development. Studies of the development of border cities, same as all other cities in Iran, show that their spatial growth and development can be traced back to economic changes such as cross-border exchange and higher emigration to cities. The development of a border economy in recent years, whether legal (the border arcade of Tamarchin) or illegal (smuggling), has paved the way for higher economic growth in Piranshahr. It is clear that the development of economic activities has created more employment in the city, therefore attracting a higher population (immigration friendliness) and leading to urban growth. The population in 2011 (about 70 thousand) compared to the population in 1966 (about 4848) clearly indicates this. MethodologyThe research methodology used in this study is descriptive-analytical. The required data was collected through library research, official organizations, statistics, and fiend studies. In order to prepare data for analysis, the raw data was imported to Excel 2013, where all required tables and figures were extracted. The Bujogarnia Diagram was used investigate the economic role of the city, which was measured by analyzing the number of active population in all three major occupational groups: services, agriculture, and industry. In addition, the rate of growth was calculated for the phenomenon of land-use change, the map of which was created in GIS. DiscussionDue to the development of cross-border trade and higher population growth, the city of Piranshahr has undergone numerous changes and transformations, as is evident from the widespread land-use change, which is a major indicator of physical growth and change in cities. From the obtained information, it can be inferred that economic exchange has had a serious impact on the growth and decline of certain land uses. Commercial use of land has grown by 10.22 percent. Urban green belts have enjoyed a significant growth rate of 14.94 percent in uptown in order to accommodate for the passengers, decorate the city, and create a healthy space for free time activities. Also, residential and transit network use have increased by 6.95 and 5.51 percent, respectively. On the other hand, due to higher security, population persistence, and higher convergence of the people with the center, which have resulted from economic growth, military land use has faced a negative growth rate of -4.95 percent. In sum, the land area of Piranshahr city has expanded from 446.4 hectares in 1995 to 844.45 hectares in 2011, i.e. it has nearly doubled. Therefore, the process of changing Piranshahr from a military-security region to a service-commerce region can be an important factor in the steady spatial growth of the city. The results of the Bujogarnia Diagram confirm this claim. According to this diagram, the city has tended towards a multi-role paradigm (service-commerce). Initially, according to the 1996 consensus, the city had a service-dominant role; this can be ascribed to the high population of military sector, which was considered a part of the service sector. However, in the following consensuses, the city shifted towards a service-commerce city. This manifests itself in the decline in the number of military employees and the increase in the workers of other service-related areas and subordinate jobs, which was a result of more commercial/cross-border activities. Another important conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that economic exchange has increased employment and attracted commercial tourists to the city. According to statistics obtained from the Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization of Piranshahr, during the first 20 days of the year (i.e. Nowruz vacation), 2509667 people have visited the city from 2010 to 2014 in order to purchase inexpensive imported goods, i.e. 501933 people on average have visited the city during the first 20 days of each year. In sum, this study reveals that the city of Piranshahr has experienced significant physical-spatial and economic development, highly as a result of granting formal status to the border arcades of Tamarchin and the increased amount of cross-border exchange through informal means; this calls for the immediate attention of the authorities to provide the required infrastructure and allow for more serious growth and dynamism of the city.ConclusionThe results of the analyses performed on the development of Piranshahr city confirm the fact that economic exchange with the Iraqi Kurdistan has had a positive impact on the development of the city. The results indicate that the economic growth policy of the Iranian government in recent years, followed by the expansion of cross-border trade and commerce, has had a significant positive impact on the physical development of Piranshahr. Cross-border trade has local and even regional-national effects on the economy; and the development of economic centers (border arcades) as a result of economic exchange, has led to physical development and change in the city.Keywords: economic exchange, development of border cities, urban role, Piranshahr city
ملخص الجهاز:
تأثير مبادلات اقتصادي در توسعۀ شهرهاي مرزي (مطالعۀ موردي: شهر پيرانشهر) ابراهيم رومينا*- استاديار گروه جغرافياي سياسي، دانشگاه تربيت مدرس علي پورعزيزي- دانشجوي کارشناسي ارشد برنامه ريزي آمايش سرزمين ، دانشگاه تربيت مدرس سيد طاهر بايزي - دانشجوي کارشناسي ارشد شهرسازي، دانشگاه کردستان پذيرش مقاله : ١٣٩٦/٠٢/٠٦ تأييد نهايي: ١٣٩٦/٠٨/٢١ چکيده بخشي از رشد و توسعۀ شهري کشورها تابع موقعيت جغرافيايي آن هاست .
درمجموع ، اقتصاد مناطق مرزي ، نقشي اساسي در پيشرفت اقتصادي نواحي مرزي، بهبود استانداردهاي زندگي مردم ، کاهش فقر، توزيع مناسب درآمد، ايجاد روابط دوستي و آشنايي بيشتر، و نيز تسريع همکاري بين نواحي مرزي دارد (وارام ، ٢٠٠٤: ١٤٥)؛ بنابراين ، همکاري ها در قالب بازارچه هاي مشترک مرزي، از شناخته شده ترين روش هاي توسعۀ اقتصادي مناطق مرزي به شمار مي رود (محمدي و همکاران ، ١٣٨٤: ٥٥).
به دليل حساسيت موقعيت جغرافيايي، اقتصادي و امنيتي، بازارچۀ تمرچين پيرانشهر اهميت ويژه اي دارد؛ به طوريکه براساس نظر شوراي عالي امنيت ملي به عنوان يکي از بازارچه هاي امنيتي مستقر در آذربايجان غربي، سهميۀ پيمان ارزي آن ٢٠ ميليون دلار است و با هدف مبادلات مرزي ساکنان منطقه ايجاد شده است .
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