خلاصة:
Communitarianism is considered as one of the most pivotal schools of thought in contemporary normative political theories. In fact, it is a label for a group of people who share common characteristics such as critiques on liberalism, and some concepts like “community”, “tradition” and “self”. Since most communitarians belong to the analytical philosophy, which focus on language and logic, they could not be regarded as contextualists. On the other hand, their analysis is related to “tradition”, “here and now”, and “particularism” which denotes the importance of historical, political and sociological situation. It seems that not only the enrichment of morality and human rights in communitarianism is possible, but also it implies somehow relationship with context, cultural diversity and relativism. It seems that communitarianism needs a “third way” between text and context.
جماعت گرایی به عنوان یکی از مکاتب مهم فلسفه سیاسی شناخته میشود. در واقع، این عنوانی است که اساسا مخالفان ایشان به آنها عطا کردهاند. در عین حال، مفاهیمی همچون «جماعت»، «سنت» و «خود» بین ایشان اشتراک دارد. علاوه بر آن، جماعت گرایان در نقد لیبرالیسم نیز هم داستان هستند، هرچند اختلافاتی بین خود ایشان نیز دیده میشود. از آن جا که جماعتگرایی به جهان فلسفه تحلیلی، که بر زبان و منطق تأکید دارد، متعلق است، انتظار مـیرود بر متـن بیش از زمینـه نظـر داشتـه باشـد. از سویـی دیگر، تأکید بر «سنت» و «اینجا و اکنون» نشان میدهد که به نوعی محلی گرا هستند و به زمینه بیوجه نیستند. همان گونه که جهانمشول گرایی به اشتراک ملاکها و ارزشها بین فرهنگهای مختلف نظر دارد، جماعتگرایی و زمینهگرایی به اقتضائات تاریخی و بومی توجه دارند. این مقاله درصدد نشان دادن این مطلب است که مطلب فوق در اندیشه جماعتگرایان به ابهام برگزار شده و از نظر روش شناختی، باید راه سومی بین متن و زمینه برگزیده شود. از دیدگاه نویسنده، نه تنها غنیسازی مفاهیم لیبرالی، از جمله حقوق بشر جهانشمول، ممکن است، بلکه این مسئله با تنوع فرهنگی و نوعی نسبیگرایی نیز پیوند میخورد.
ملخص الجهاز:
It seems that not only the enrichment of morality and human rights in communitarianism is possible, but also it implies somehow relationship with context, cultural diversity and relativism.
Communitarianism; Community; Self; Particularism; Human Rights; Textualism; Contextualism Professor, Department of Political Science, Mofid University, Qom, Iran.
Walzer refers to 'communities' throughout Spheres of Justice: “the political community is probably the closest we can come to a world of common meanings'; 'the sharing of sensibilities and intuitions among the members of a historical community is a fact of life'; 'in any community, where resources are taken away from the poor and given to the rich, the rights of the poor are being violated”.
3- Self: Communitarian dominant themes are that individual rights need to be balanced with social responsibilities, and that autonomous selves do not exist in isolation, but are shaped by the values and culture of communities.
While liberal culture and human rights are universal, communitarians consider them is special time and space.
The main communitarian comments on liberalism include: the politics of community, the conception of “self”, priority of public good over individual right, considering communities based on here and now, particularism versus universalism, criticism of liberal neutrality and its claim to be value-free.
According to Liberalism, the concepts of public, external, communal, general, universal, religion, emotional, nature, Shari’a, prayer, virtue and religion are in order constructed out of those of private, self, internal, individual, particular, personal, philosophy, rational, culture, nomos, awe, wisdom and rationality.