خلاصة:
The guiding question of this paper is “How can, if at all, the universality of human rights survive critical examinations within the prevailing multiculturalist frame of reference?” This paper examines the possibility conditions of critically reasoning for the universality of human rights. The discussions in this paper runs at two levels of analysis. At the conceptual level, a theoretical monist-pluralist frame of reference will be developed to reformulate the problematic of the universality of human rights in a form more compatible methodologically with multiculturalist approaches in the humanities, social sciences and current discourses of cultural studies. Demonstrating the weaknesses of the alternative solutions, the main hypothesis of this study suggests to refer to a reconstructed version of the “golden rule of reciprocal fairness. ” At the practical level, this paper will set forth three “why”, “which”, and “how” questions regarding those principles which can bolster a universal reception of the human rights as fairness.
این مقاله این پرسش اصلی را پی می‌گیرد که چگونه می‌توان از جهان‌شمولی حقوق بشر در عالم مقال چندفرهنگ‌گرایانه‌ی روزگار مدرن متأخر و پسامدرن سخن گفت. با بررسی این پرسش، این مقاله شرایط و حدود امکان اندیشیدن نقادانه به حقوق بشر و جهان‌شمولی آن را می‌کاود. مباحث این مقاله در دو تراز روان است. در تراز نظری، با مقابل نشاندن رویکرد‌های مونیستی و پلورالیستی به حقوق بشر، کوشش شده است که مسأله‌ی جهان‌شمولی حقوق بشر چنان از نو صورت‌بندی شود که در عالم مقال چندفرهنگ‌گرایانه قابل بحث و بررسی باشد. در همین تراز، عناصر مقوم ایده‌ی حقوق بشر به مثابه‌ی انصاف معرفی می‌شود. در تراز کاربست و عمل، مباحث این مقاله بر چرایی و چیستی و چگونگی روند و روالی تمرکز می‌یابد که می‌تواند به جای‌گزین شدن فهم بسته از حقوق بشر با فهمی گشوده و کثرت‌گرایانه از آن در قالب حقوق بشر به مثابه‌ی انصاف بینجامد.
ملخص الجهاز:
At the conceptual level, a theoretical monist-pluralist frame of reference will be developed to reformulate the problematic of the universality of human rights in a form more compatible methodologically with multiculturalist approaches in the humanities, social sciences and current discourses of cultural studies.
” At the practical level, this paper will set forth three “why”, “which”, and “how” questions regarding those principles which can bolster a universal reception of the human rights as fairness.
com/ The Enigma of the Universality Form a methodological point of view, this paper locates mainly in the multidisciplinary intersection of theoretical human rights studies, philosophy of ethics, moral philosophy, and political philosophy.
Moral universalism is one of the analytically inseparable pivotal tenets of the human rights conception, without which any notion of whatever set of rights applicable by definition to all human beings regardless of all particularities, like local legal jurisdiction, and culture or other localizing factors, such as ethnicity, nationality, and sex seems unconceivable.
The most important suggestions to defend the core idea of the universal morality of human rights have been based upon cultural, philosophical, anthropological, functional and pragmatic bases and principles.
Inspired by Isaiah Berlin’s pluralism, the main problem can be reformulated in the following form: “How a pluralistic, human-rights-based, universal order can be conceived of ?” In what follows I discuss this question.
How-Question: This very practical question asks how those debates must be designed and held, out of which an open-ended influx set of universal, fairness-based, and difference-protecting principles of human rights can gradually come out and be achieved.
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