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سؤال اصلی این تحقیق واقعیت روانشناختی پیچیدگی بازنمودی زمان دستوری مطلق در فارسی است. . چارچوب نظری تحقیق مبتنی بر رمزگان چندبخشی/ چندگانه در روانشناسی زبان(شاپیرو 1990) و طبقهبندی زمانی در زباشناسی(کامری 1985) است. متغیر مستقل نوع زمان دستوری و متغیر وابسته زمان واکنش آزمودنیها به محرک دیداری است. آزمودنیها 25 نفردانشجوی 18 تا 30 ساله بودهاند که در دو گروه مرد و زن مرتب شدهاند. نتیجۀ آزمون اول نشان میدهد که جملات حاوی زمان دستوری حال ساده مشتمل بر حقایق علمی، کارگفتهای کنشی/ اجرایی و نیز جملات حاوی فعل زمان آینده همراه مصدر خواستن سریعتر از انواع دیگر پردازش میشوند. توجیه و توضیح این امر را میتوان به این حقیقت نسبت داد که حقایق علمی در تجربۀ زیستۀ ابناء بشر ثبت شده است و بسامد بالایی دارد و نیز افعال کنشی-اجرایی که وابسته به زمان ادای جمله هستند و افعال در زمان دستوری آینده که تنها یک کارکرد بر آنها مترتب است، سریعتر پردازش میشوند. نتیجۀ آزمون دوم نشان میدهد که زمان پردازش جملات مرکب حاوی زمانهای مختلف تفاوت معنیدار با هم ندارد. به عبارت دیگر، با مرکب شدن نوع جمله تفاوتهای معنی-داری که در آزمون (1) قابل مشاهده بود از بین رفتهاست. این نکته نشان میدهد که متغیر نوع جمله نسبت به متغیر زمان دستوری فعل تاثیر بیشتری بر بار شناختی ذهن دارد. دستاورد تحقیق حاضر این است که میتوان در امر آموزش زبان فارسی از مفهوم بار شناختی بهره گرفت و نتایج تحقیق را در ترتیب تدوین مطالب و مواد آموزشی مد نظر قرار داد.
Representational Complexity of Persian Absolute tenses during listening ComprehensionMasoumeh Mehrabi Behrooz Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari 1. INTRODUCTIONDifferent linguists have proposed different definitions for tense. This study investigates processing of sentences containing different tenses of Persian by the cross-modal lexical decision method. This psycholinguistic method has been used classically by Shapiro (1990) to estimate the cognitive load across the mind. The main question of this inquiry is the psycholinguistic reality of tense complexity hierarchy arranged from absolute to relative one. The theoretical framework is mainly based on episodic processing in which mental representations of linguistic items are not as abstract as it seems, but it is subject to the sensory input by which the representation is formed. Also the classification of Comrie (1985) on tenses has been applied here. He divided tenses in to two broad categories of past/ non past. Absolute and relative types of the Persian tense have been elaborated and analyzed in detail. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe method used in this research is the cross modal lexical decision method, which will be detailed due to its importance. Theoretical framework applied here is that of Comrie (1985) in linguistics and Shapiro (1990) in psycholinguistics. Independent variable is the type of tense used in the verb form and the dependent variable is subjectsˈ reaction times. 25 students of universities aged 18-30 participated in this study. The results of two experiments show that the psychological reality of the complexity of representation of grammatical tenses according to Persian data is confirmed and there is a significant difference between the processing time of sentences containing different types of grammatical tenses.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONIt was found out that Persian has two absolute tenses: Past and present; as well as four relative. tenses: the perfective. the pluperfect, the subjunctive, and the relative past. The main question of the present study is that of psycholinguistic reality of Tense in Persian. Cross modal lexical decision has been used here to examine tense during sentence processing. The results of the first experiment showed that sentences containing factual scientific present tense verbs, future tense verbs, and performatives are processed sooner than the other tenses. The justification and explanation of this can be attributed to the fact that scientific facts have been recorded in the life experience of human beings and have a high frequency. The results of the second experiment also showed that converting simple sentences to the complex ones will erase the meaningful differences in the participantsˈ reaction times. The findings can be used in curriculum design fir non-natives of Persians. The subject of the present article is the study of how auditory perception of sentence structures with verbs containing different types of grammatical tenses in Persian is affected by representational complexity of their inner tenses. The Persian language has a variety of absolute and relative tenses, each of which is used as needed, and Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari (Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari 2002) has written in detail about the nature and function of each, and since this work is a comprehensive description of the topic of time in Persian. Provides the basis for data collection of the present study. Since this work provides a comprehensive description of the topic of tense in Persian, it is the basis for collecting data from the present study. The two main research questions are: a) Which types of tense is processed faster than the others and why? B) According to data from Persian language, what is the mental representation of grammatical tense in Persian?The two hypotheses corresponding to the questions of this research are that there is a significant difference between the processing time of sentences containing different types of tenses and also the complexity of these representations has a psychological reality. In order to answer the questions, two experiments have been developed. 4. CONCLUSION(1) The principles and generalizations inferred from the results:The choice of mean reaction time as a dependent variable in widely used cognitive experiments is due to convenience. In this study, reaction time to the auditory stimulus is the basis for measuring cognitive load. Cognitive load refers to the amount of mental energy needed to perform a task. This mental energy can be nourished by memory, storage and retrieval. (2) Any exceptions to, or problems with these principles and generalizations, Here, there has been found no exceptions or problems with the cognitive load principles and generalizations(3) Theoretical and/or practical implications of the work, If we consider cognitive burden as the basis of learning, this research can have implications for teaching Persian language. The high reputation of using reaction time in psychological research, especially in the field of cognition and language processing, is something beyond theoretical interest. The concept of cognitive burden can be used in teaching Persian language and the research results can be considered in compiling educational materials and materials.Key wordsreaction time, listening comprehension, representational complexity, cognitive load, tense.