خلاصة:
این مطالعه به بررسی ابعاد معنایی نقشنمای گفتمانی «آخه» در بیان روابط علّی از منظر (بین) ذهنیشدگی میپردازد. پژوهش حاضر مطالعهای توصیفی-تحلیلی است و دادههای آن پیکرهای همزمانی متشکل از زبان روزمرۀ بهکاررفته در وبلاگها، مصاحبههای تلویزیونی و گفتگوهای روزمره است. بررسی دادهها نشان میدهد واژۀ «آخه» تحت فرایند دستوریشدگی در سطح جمله و گفتمان قرار گرفته و به پیشرفتهترین مراحل (بین) ذهنیشدگی رسیده است. در واقع، مطابق پیشبینی سویتسر (1990) و دِگاند و فاگارد (2012) در موارد مشابه، این عبارت علاوهبر بیان روابط علّی عینی، بهعنوان یک نقشنمای گفتمانی، برای بیان انواع روابط علّی ذهنی یا روابط توجیهی نیز به کار میرود. به عبارت دیگر، گویشوران زبان فارسی از این عبارت برای بیان انواع روابط توجیهی معرفتی، کارگفتی و متنی استفاده میکنند. کاربردهای فوق، بیانگر وابستگی بیشتر «آخه» به موقعیت گفتمان و نشان دهندۀ درجات پیشرفتۀ دستوریشدگی گفتمانی واژۀ مذکور است.
AbstractThis study investigates the functional complexity of the discourse marker “axe” (‘because’/‘but’) in Persian to express causal relations from the perspective of (inter) subjectification. To this end, we have adopted a descriptive-analytic approach to conduct the research. The data of our investigation come from certain synchronic corpora of every day conversations found in the Persian weblogs, talk shows & interviews, as well as notes taken from every day talks. The findings indicate that “axe” has undergone grammaticalization at both sentence and discourse levels, and it has reached the advanced stages of (inter) subjectification. In fact, in line with Sweetser (1990) and Degand and Fagard’s (2012) models, “axe” expresses both objective and subjective causal relations. In fact, Persian speakers make use of this expression to express epistemic, speech act, and textual justification. These functions are indicative of increased dependency of “axe” on discourse situation, showing the increased grammaticalization and (inter) subjectification it requires to materialize such discourse functions. Keywords: axe, causal relations, grammaticalization, (inter) subjectification IntroductionAn extensive body of research in linguistics deals with discourse/pragmatic markers, the expressions that mainly contain procedural rather than propositional meanings. The development of discourse markers often involves a process of ‘(inter)subjectification’ (Traugott & Dasher, 2002). This means a shift from meanings pertaining to the characterization of the objective world will be projected/mapped initially to other aspects of meanings involving the expression of personal attitudes of the speaker (subjectification) and then to meanings linked to speaker-hearer interactions (i.e., intersubjectification). In line with this body of researches, Discourse Grammar treats two separate but interrelated domains for discourse processing: Sentence Grammar (SG) and Thetical Grammar (TG). The former deals with the structure and meaning of the sentences, while the latter deals with the organization of discourse at the level beyond the sentence as well as the relationship between linguistic materials and the contextual situation of discourse. As such, Discourse Grammar considers discourse markers as theticals resulting from grammaticalization at discourse level. Components of discourse situation identified in Discourse Grammar can well explain the expressions used to describe the semantic changes involved in the grammaticalization/pragmaticalization of discourse markers. Thus, it is not surprising that the meaning of theticals, including discourse markers, has been described by scholars such as Traugott & Dasher (2002) with reference to concepts such as subjectivity (component of speaker attitude) and intersubjectification (component of speaker-listener interaction). Also, Der (2010) as well as Degand and Vandenbergen (2011) have predicted that these elements take on several major functions, which are textual, attitudinal (subjective) and interactive (intersubjective) functions.The present study, considering the perspective of Discourse Grammar and the above researchers, investigates the functional complexity of the discourse marker “axe” (‘because’/‘but’) in Persian to express causal relations from the perspective of (inter) subjectification. By introducing the categories of CONTENT, EPISTEMIC, and SPEECH ACT use of causal conjunctions, Sweetser (1990) argues that in English, some differences can be observed in the use of backward as well as forward causal connectives with respect to the above domains. In recent years, however, there have been proposals to replace her three-domain distinctions with a subjectivity scale of speaker involvement (Traugott & Dasher, 2002). Degand and Fagard (2012), for instance, add TEXTUAL relations to the Sweetser’s domains and describes them as non-content causal relations, namely EPISTEMIC, SPEECH ACT, and TEXTUAL; each one is more subjective relative to the following one forming JUSTIFICATION relations. Materials and MethodsThis research is a descriptive-analytical study to examine the pragmatic meanings of “axe” by looking at a bulk of authentic data. It is part of a larger project investigating the grammaticalization of discourse markers in the colloquial Persian. Its data come from a variety of sources building a synchronic corpus of every day conversations found in Persian weblogs (blogs) and every day conversations observed by the researchers. In fact, all examples consist of attested data in contemporary Persian. Such data mainly maintain the nature of the conversational or colloquial Persian which can form a useful corpus for discourse-pragmatic studies. Discussion and ConclusionThis paper argues that “axe” (‘because’/‘but’) in Persian serves a number of pragmatic and discourse functions. The main line of argument focuses on the process of (inter) subjectification involved in the development of “axe” as a discourse marker. The findings indicate that “axe” has undergone the process of grammaticalization at both sentence and discourse levels, and it has reached the advanced stages of (inter) subjectification. In fact, in accordance with Sweetser (1990) and Degand and Fagard’s (2012) claims, “axe” expresses both objective and subjective causal relations. The main point concerning different functions of the “axe” delineates the fact that Persian speakers make use of this word to express epistemic, speech act, and textual justification. It is worth mentioning that such functions are indicative of increased dependency of “axe” on discourse situation, and as a result we observe a kind of increased grammaticalization and (inter)subjectification in its development.
ملخص الجهاز:
پژوهش حاضر نیز با درنظر گرفتن دیدگاه دستور گفتمـان و مطالعـات فـوق ، پیچیـدگی معنـایی و ابعـاد کاربردشـناختی واژۀ «آخه » را در بیان روابط علی در زبان فارسی عامیانه بررسی کرده است و به این پرسـش پاسـخ مـیدهـد کـه واژۀ مـذکور پـس از ورود به سطح گفتمان ، و در پیشرفته ترین مراحل دستوریشدگی گفتمانی (کاربردشناختیشدگی) کدام یک از معانی بـین ذهنـی مرتبط با موقعیت گفتمان را در بیان روابط علی بیان میکند.
٣. پیشینۀ پژوهش مطالعات مختلفی در خصوص ابعاد کاربردشناختی نقش نماهای گفتمانی در زبان های مختلف صورت گرفته و نشـان داده انـد کـه این عناصر زبانی پس از دستوری شدگی در سطح دستور جمله ، همچنان تحت فرایند دستوریشدگی قـرار گرفتـه و بـه تـدریج از معنای مفهومی خود فاصله گرفته و با ورود به جهـان گفتمـان ، انـواع معـانی (بـین ) ذهنـی را عهـده دار شـده انـد.
اگرچه عمدۀ این مطالعات دربارۀ عناصری همچـون نقـش نماهـای اسـتدلالی (منشـیزاده و تـاکی، ١٣٨٨)، حالا (نورا، ١٣٩٤)، یعنـی (٢٠١٥ ,Amouzadeh &Noora )، اگـر (قـادری، عمـوزاده و رضـایی، ١٣٩٨)، آره /بلـه و نـه (قادری، ١٣٩٨؛ قادری و عموزاده ، زیرچاپ ) انجام گرفته است ؛ اما هیچ کدام بر عنصـری علـی-تـوجیهی همچـون آخـه متمرکـز نبوده اند.
با توجه به این که ابعاد معنایی عنصر زبانی «آخـه » در بیـان روابـط علـی در مطالعـات پیشـین بررسـی نشـده اسـت ، پژوهش حاضر، ابعاد معنایی این نقش نمای گفتمانی را در بیان روابط علی ازمنظر (بین )ذهنیشدگی بررسی میکند تا نشـان دهـد «آخه » به عنوان یک نقش نمای گفتمانی، چگونه برای بیان انواع روابط توجیهی ذهنی به کار میرود.
A Study of thetical uses of âre and næ expressions in the daily Persian discourse.