خلاصة:
دو کشور ایران و ایتالیا دارای تاریخی بسیار کهن و به تبع آن جلوه‌هایی باشکوه در معماری و شهرسازی مراکز تاریخی-شهری خود هستند. حفاظت از این میراث فرهنگی غنی در مقیاس شهری، وجود و اجرای قوانین و سیاستهای مرتبط را طلب می‌کند. این پژوهش تطبیقی به روش تحلیلی و توصیفی، با مطالعه و تحلیل اسناد طرحهای جامع و تفصیلی شهری به سه زبان فارسی، ایتالیایی و انگلیسی، بررسی‌های میدانی در دو شهر تاریخی ارومیه و تورین، ضمن بررسی قوانین و سیاستهای دو کشور در حفاظت میراث فرهنگی در شهرهای تاریخی، به بررسی میراث فرهنگی این دو شهر و سیاستگذاری‌های آنها در زمینه حفظ این میراث ارزشمند می‌پردازد. بررسی تطبیقی این قوانین از نظر نوع و کیفیت نظام برنامه‌ریزی در طرحهای جامع و تفصیلی به همراه واکاوی سیاستهای این دو کشور برای حفاظت کارآمدتر میراث فرهنگی در راستای مدیریت شهری پایدار از اهداف پژوهش حاضر هستند. نتایج نشان داد علاوه بر مشابهت‌های فرهنگی فراوان بویژه در شناخت آثار و میراث فرهنگی، هر دو جامعه هم به لحاظ فلسفه‌ی ادراکی در بحث حفاظت میراث فرهنگی و هم در نوع مداخلات در بافتهای تاریخی اشتراکاتی دارند. با وجود تشابهات تکوینی هر دو شهر و به تبع آن برنامه‌های مشابه در حوزه حفاظت میراث فرهنگی، شیوه‌های مداخله‌ای در ارومیه بیشتر سنتی و بومی و در تورین مبتنی بر برنامه‌ریزی و سیاستگذاری‌های مدرن غیرمتمرکز استوار بوده است. تورین با بهره‌گیری هوشمندانه از رویکرد مدیریت علمی، از استراتژی پخش فشار کاربریها و فعالیتهای مستهلک‌کننده بافت مرکزی-تاریخی به واحدهای همسایگی دیگر و با بکارگیری تکنولوژی‌های نو، ضمن حفاظت موثر از میراث فرهنگی صنعت توریسم خود را بعنوان منبع اصلی درآمد شهری تقویت نموده که این رویکرد هوشمندانه، برای شهرهای ایران از جمله ارومیه در جهت کسب درآمدهای جایگزین نفت از جمله صنعت توریسم همسو با توسعه پایدار شهری است.
Extended Abstract:Introduction: The historical parts of the city, which carry cultural-historical values, need protection and preservation. In addition to having useful and valuable messages for the next generation, these structures are also part of the commonalities of a nation and a factor of unity. Controlling the environment, monitoring, observing and studying, and planning and policy-making are ways to achieve this level of protection. Iran and Italy, the survivors of the Persian and Roman civilizations, have had a tremendous impact on all areas of architecture, art, literature, industry and science on a global scale. Both Iran and Italy need to preserve the rich cultural heritage of the past in order to achieve sustainable development; This category is achieved through systematic policies and laws for the preservation and protection of valuable urban cultural heritage as the main strategy of the work.Objective: A comparative study of the laws and policies for the protection of historical and cultural heritage of cities, given the position of their planning system in the legal system of both countries, is the main purpose of this article. Among the questions that have been studied and analyzed in this study are: What are the similar architectural, historical and geographical features of the ancient textures of the studied cities and how can these similarities not be used as imitations? From the European city of Turin, but also for scientific and practical comparisons in achieving an ecological model in the field of policies and planning based on sustainable development, especially in the field of protection of cultural heritage of Iranian cities, including Urmia? Are there any goals in making policies and laws for the protection of historical centers in the cities of Urmia and Turin? What factors and actors are involved in policy-making and preparation of urban laws of urban historical centers for the protection of historical monuments and cultural heritage? The effect of the type of centralized and decentralized planning system and different approaches in looking at the issue of cultural heritage protection in Iran and Italy What are the consequences of protecting the historical monuments of Urmia and Turin?Methodology: The present research is fundamental-applied and in terms of method, descriptive-analytical. This applied research begins with pure studies and ends with experimental research in order to plan and formulate executive activities. The study of legal documents of the two countries in the field of cultural heritage protection along with the study of global trends provides knowledge that allows the analysis of strengths and weaknesses of each policy in the practical use of these analyzes and pathologies in Provides communities with historical contexts that need to be protected. Information and data were inductively collected, collected, compressed, classified and then analyzed. The present study relies on the methods and tools of collecting documentary and field information and has mastered both English and Italian, while being complex and time-consuming. Strengthens the knowledge of indigenous urban management, especially in the field of protection of urban cultural heritage; From this point of view, the present research work contains new ideas and creative research methods.Results and discussion: The various urban development plans for the city of Urmia did not have clear and orderly orientations to preserve its cultural monuments. Urmia's cultural heritage, due to its many similarities with Turin in terms of the city's early origins, antiquity and development to the modern era, makes this comparative comparison more practical. The city of Turin has recreated and protected its historical and cultural monuments in the following ways: 1) Implementing comprehensive policies and programs for historical sections; 2) Implementation of non-physical soft strategies for the protection of cultural heritage. The city has not physically repeated this policy in important and sensitive historical areas of the city with heavy physical surgeries, taking advice from its past, especially in the comprehensive initial plans, which were a kind of destruction in the central parts due to health issues and renovation. In fact, the city owes its soft and strategic policies today, such as the central backbone and international Turin, which have led to the growth and prosperity of the city, especially in the field of cultural heritage protection, to this kind of thinking. This study, while further examining these laws and policies, can lead to the development of guidelines for good urban governance and sustainable development in the protection of historical contexts and urban cultural heritage, and the results are due to the many similarities between the two. The study community should benefit other historical cities of the country.Conclusion: The results showed that in addition to many cultural similarities, especially in the recognition of cultural monuments and heritage, both societies have commonalities both in terms of perceptual philosophy in the discussion of cultural heritage protection and in the type of interventions in historical contexts. Despite the developmental similarities between the two cities and the consequent similar programs in the field of cultural heritage protection, intervention methods in Urmia have been more traditional and indigenous and in Turin based on decentralized modern planning and policies. Turin uses the scientific management approach intelligently, the strategy of spreading the pressure of land uses and depleting activities of the central-historical context to other neighboring units, and the use of new technologies, while effectively protecting the cultural heritage of its tourism industry as the main source. Urban revenue has strengthened, and this smart approach for Iranian cities, including Urmia, to earn alternative oil revenues, including the tourism industry, is in line with sustainable urban development.
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