بررسی نقش بازنمایی های سینما در سیاست خارجی آمریکا مقالة

سینما به سبب نقش بازنمایانه‌ای که در عرصه فرهنگ ایفا می‌نماید از اهمیت بسیار بالایی برخوردار می‌باشد. بازنمایی‌های سینما طیف گسترده‌ای از موضوعات و حوزه‌های مختلف نظیر فرهنگ، اقتصاد، سیاست، جنگ و... را شامل می‌گردد. این طیف متنوع از پوشش رسانه‌ای در سینما، باعث گردیده است که محققان نقش بسزایی برای کارکردهای سینما قائل شوند و آن را شایسته بررسی و مداقه بیشتر بدانند. یکی از حوزه‌های مطالعاتی که در آن بررسی نقش رسانه و سینما از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار می‌باشد، حوزه سیاست است. اهمیت سینما در حوزه سیاست به‌صورت عام، و سیاست خارجی به‌صورت خاص، ازآن‌رو است که باعث می‌شود در مسیر تأثیرگذاری بر افکار عمومی به کار گرفته شود. بررسی این موضوع می‌تواند محققان حوزه‌های رسانه، سینما و سیاست خارجی را در زمینه کارکردهای رسانه در بازنمایی رخدادهای سیاسی و ژئوپلیتیک، دیپلماسی عمومی و عوامل موثر در نفوذ بر افکار عمومی یاری رساند. برای نیل به این مقصود، به بررسی ارتباط بازنمایی‌ها و پوشش رسانه‌ای سینما باسیاست خارجی آمریکا پرداخته شد و با گزینش چند فیلم کوشش گردید به تحلیل کارکرد سینما در فرآیند قدرت سازی برای آمریکا مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان‌دهنده آن است که بازنمایی‌های سینما باعث جلب نظر مخاطبان به آمریکا شده است و نقش‌آفرینی سینما را باید یکی از عوامل گسترش قدرم نرم این کشور دانست.

Extended Abstract Introduction Media studies, as part of the humanities, use this concept to explain phenomena and analyze the way different events are presented and their function in the issue of power, and thus try to increase the level of knowledge and awareness of the audience about the structures and Develop the processes that govern power structures and critically analyze and critique the impact of power structures on human social life. In the process of representation is one of the important factors for the transfer of concepts and application of narrative knowledge. Exploitation of narrative in many aspects of human life provides the opportunity to use in a desirable way that part of the information that can be useful in achieving useful goals. These narratives are produced and provided to the audience in various formats such as news, stories, reports, films, etc. The crucial point in the representation of reality by the media is that the media can not be considered as a neutral tool. The media relies on language and meaning, and these two elements themselves always rely on power in the context of discourse. Therefore, the representation of events by the media, a debate on moral and immoral issues, has an ideological orientation and takes steps to weaken or establish a special power and discourse. Cinema is very important because of the representative role it plays in the field of culture. Cinema representations cover a wide range of topics and areas such as culture, economics, politics, war, and so on. This diverse range of media coverage in cinema has led researchers to place a significant role on the functions of cinema and deem it worthy of further scrutiny. One of the fields of study in which the study of the role of media and cinema is of great importance is the field of politics. The importance of cinema in the field of politics in general, and foreign policy in particular, is due to the fact that it can be used to influence public opinion. Examining this issue can help researchers in the fields of media, cinema and foreign policy in the field of media functions in representing political and geopolitical events, public diplomacy and factors influencing public opinion. Given that in contemporary America, the United States is in a superior position in terms of cultural and media hegemony over other countries in the world, this country seems to have a wide capability and ability to use various media such as newspapers. ‌ Use magazines, cyberspace, television networks, radio and cinema to represent their actions globally, or have their actions covered or criticized by various serious and entertainment media. In the meantime, it seems that the role and function of entertainment-making media such as cinema in representation and through it international trends is significant. Accordingly, this study will attempt to examine the main signs of American power building in the field of foreign policy through artistic tools, especially cinema. Methodology In this article, the relationship between cinema representations and media coverage with US foreign policy was examined, and by selecting several films, an attempt was made to analyze the function of cinema in the process of empowerment for the United States. The purpose of this study is to analyze the organizational, behavioral and functional realities of Hollywood and how it is effective in the field of foreign policy. Accordingly, an attempt will be made to answer the question that the representations that take place in the field of cinema, from the perspective of the relations between What impact has the nation had on US foreign policy? Findings The findings of this study show that the most important function of American foreign policy cinema goes back to its representative role. This means that a diverse range of global audiences will become acquainted with, understand, and even identify with the political processes and attitudes that govern American politics and culture, as well as the interpretations of the world offered by American cinema. To think. Here, both the products of American patriotic and critical cinema are linked at a specific point: the representation of America in the global dimension. By creating an ideal image of the United States, these films strengthen the country's soft power in foreign policy and international relations. Therefore, it must be said that American cinema cannot be considered an independent position in American foreign policy and lacks any effective power to direct American foreign policy. In other words, in the foreign policy of this country, cinema plays the role of a tool for the development of cultural and public diplomacy and the development of soft power. In general, the studies of this research show that cinema can be used as a complementary tool in foreign policy or even for its critique due to its storytelling and illustration capabilities. Conclusion Therefore, in the discussion of international relations, it should be said that cinema was very important in introducing and representing American foreign policy. He spoke of the direct influence of cinema on American foreign policy, but these representations have the potential to strengthen America's soft power around the world through their illustrations. Therefore, it can be emphasized that cinematic films can serve as a complementary element in the long run of public diplomacy of countries and by showing freedom of expression, criticism, And their illustrations bring with them a range of audiences, thereby helping to reinforce the positive image of countries like the United States whose cinemas have global influence.

بر همين اساس تلاش خواهد شد تا با تحليل و بررسي فيلم هايي منتخب ، الگوهاي هنجار سازي و سوژه يابي هاليوود در حوزه سياست خارجي به اين پرسش پاسخ داده شود که بازنماييهايي که در حوزه سينما صورت مي پذيرد، از منظر روابط بين الملل چه تأثيري بر سياست خارجي آمريکا به جا گذاشته است ؟ مباني نظري دانش روابط بين الملل به سبب ماهيت و کارکردي که دارد با بسياري از موضوعات موردبحث در حوزه ارتباطات و رسانه داراي همپوشاني است و به همين علت ضرورت دارد آن دسته از مفاهيم ، رخدادها و پديده هاي رسانه اي که ميتوانند در مباحث روابط بين الملل مثمر ثمر باشند موردبررسي و مطالعه قرار گيرند. اين امر نشان دهنده آن است که در سياست خارجي آمريکا در دوره پس از حملات تروريستي ١١ سپتامبر، بازنمايي تهديد يک بعد شبه سينمايي پيداکرده بود که در آن تلاش مي شد با سناريوسازي و گزينش پديده ها براي بازنمايي و مورد تأکيد قرار گرفتن در رسانه ها يک تصور و تصوير خاص از ماهيت اقدامات ژئوپليتيک آمريکا در مقياس جهاني و رويکردهاي اين کشور در زمينه سياست خارجي و روابط بين الملل ترسيم گردد که در خدمت منافع ملي اين کشور باشد. درحاليکه در سينماي آمريکا طيف متنوعي از فيلم هاي سينمايي را مي توان يافت که به صورت گسترده اي به بازنمايي جنگ به عنوان يک عمل شرافتمندانه مي پردازند، طيف ديگري از سينماگران آمريکايي نيز وجود دارند که پيام هاي انتقادي خود را در مورد سياست خارجي اين کشور در قالب فيلم به نمايش مي گذارند. A subaltern critical geopolitics of the war on terror: Postcolonial security in Tanzania.