بررسی معنایی فعلهای وجهی گیلکی (گونۀ سیاهکلی) مقالة

پژوهش حاضر به بررسی معنایی فعل‌های وجهی گیلکی گونۀ سیاهکلی اختصاص دارد. روش این پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی است. تحلیل معنایی این پژوهش در چارچوب پالمر (1997) و بررسی نگاشت معنایی آن براساس چارچوب ناوز (2008) است. در این پژوهش، شش فعل وجهی گیلکی بررسی شده‌اند. براساس این پژوهش، به‌لحاظ معنایی فعل وجهی va «باید» دارای خوانش هر سه وجهیت معرفتی، تکلیفی و پویاست و vast «بایست» و vasti «بایستی» و صورت حال فعلtonəstan   «توانستن» برای بیان وجهیت تکلیفی و پویا به‌کار می‌روند. فعل وجهی šay «می‌توان، می‌شود» برای بیان وجهیت معرفتی و پویا و šast «می‌شد» و صورت گذشتۀtonəstan   «توانستن» و هر دو صورت حال و گذشتۀ xastən «خواستن» و rəse: n «رسیدن» برای بیان وجهیت پویا کاربرد دارند. فعل وجهی bo: n «می‌شود» برای بیان وجهیت معرفتی و تکلیفی و bəbu «شد» برای بیان وجهیت تکلیفی به‌کار می‌روند. va «باید» و صورت‌های گذشتۀ آن بیانگر درجۀ ضرورت‌اند و دیگر فعل‌های وجهی بر درجۀ امکان دلالت دارند. برای تکمیل مبحث معنایی، نگاشت معنایی فعل‌های وجهی بر روی فضای مفهومی وجهیت نشان داده شده‌است. بر این اساس مشخص شد فعل وجهی va   «باید» بر روی محور عمودی فضای مفهومی نشان‌دهندۀ وجه ضرورت و بر روی محور افقی این فضا دارای تنوع معناست. همچنین مشخص شد دیگر فعل‌های وجهی گیلکی بر روی محور عمودی امکان قرار داشته و نشان‌دهندۀ چندمعنایی یا تفاوت معنایی هستند.

The present paper is an attempt to study the semantic side of modal verbs in Siahkali variety of Gilaki. This research has been conducted via descriptive-analytical method in Palmer (1997) and Nauze (2008) frameworks. Based upon this research, the modal verb “va” features all three epistemic, deontic, and dynamic modes in terms of semantics while “vast” and “vasti” and the present tense of modal verb “tonəstan” are used to express deontic and dynamic modes. The modal verb “say” is used to express the epistemic and dynamic aspect while “sast”, the past tense “tonəstan” and both the present and past forms of the verb “xastən” and “rəse:n” are used to express the dynamic aspect in Gilaki. The modal verb “bo:n” expresses the epistemic and deontic modality while “bəbu” indicates the deontic modality. “va” and its past tenses show the degree of necessity and other modal verbs infer the degree of possibility. The semantic mapping of modal verbs is shown on the conceptual context of modality. So, the same universal saying that the modality elements are different only on one of the axes is also true in Gilaki. 1. Introduction Modality generally expresses the speaker's view of the proposition contained in the sentence. Semantically, modality is divided into two types in a general category, which are the epistemic and root modes. The epistemic mode involves the speaker's assessment of the probability or predictability of the action. It also includes the necessity or possibility of a proposition based on the judgment, evidence, or knowledge of the speaker. Switzer (1982) argues that concepts that imply necessity, probability, or possibility are considered epistemic. The root mode is used to express concepts such as coercion, permission, and ability, and consists of two deontic and dynamic subgroups. In deontic modality, external circumstances and power often require the actor or third person to perform an action or allow him/her to do something. In dynamic modality, the internal force or current conditions provide the necessity or possibility for the action to take place. 2. Theoretical Framework Palmer (1997) introduced three types of epistemic, deontic, and dynamic modalities, and two main degrees or levels of modality as possibility and necessity; the epistemic modality is the simplest of all in his view. This type of modality is a judgment that is made about the realization of a situation or event. He considers this modality as discourse-oriented and believes that it includes both the speaker and the audience. Palmer states that by using this modality, the speaker is actually allowing, forcing, promising, and threatening. The dynamic modality is related to the ability and desire of the subject and has two subsets of neutral and subject-oriented. Neutral usage indicates the possibility of an event. Another type of dynamic possibility indicates the ability of the subject to perform the action. Dynamic possibility can also be used to express an implicit meaning to make suggestion for istance. In this paper, the semantic mapping of modal verbs of Gilaki is presented upon Nauze framework (2008). Nauze shows the conceptual space of modality, which includes all the modal elements in world languages, in one form, with vertical and horizontal axes. The vertical axis indicates the dimension of possibility or necessity of the modal verb, and based on the horizontal axes, it is determined whether the verb has semantic diversity in terms of meaning or not. 3. Methodolgy This research is a qualitative research and has been carried out via descriptive-analytical methods. The semantic part of this research is based on Palmer (1997) and its semantic mapping is based on the Nauze (2008) framework. The Gilaki data of this research, consisted of 42 sentences, has been collected from the everyday speech of the speakers. In addition, some syntactic behaviors of modal verbs and related topics such as grammatical tense, complement of modal verbs, position of modal verbs in a sentence, negation and their use as lexical verbs have been studied. 4. Results & Discussion In Gilaki, to express the form of coercion or obligation, the prepositional verb va "should" is used for the present and future grammatical tenses, and vast and vasti "must" for the past grammatical tense. The modal verb va features all three epistemic, deontic, and dynamic modes. The complement of this verb in personal constructions is a temporal verb that appears in the sentence in the form of present or past participles and is conjugated in terms of person and number in accordance with the subject of the sentence. The unmarked position “va” and its past two forms precede its complement. The modal verb of say "can, become" refers to the present and future grammatical tenses and sast "become" to the past grammatical tense. “say” is used to express the epistemic and dynamic modes and “sast” is used to express the dynamic mode in Gilaki. Since “say” and “sast” in Gilaki are used only in impersonal constructions and the subject or actor is not present in these sentences, the complement of these two modal verbs is used only as an infinitive after them. The modal verb bo:n "become" refers to the present grammatical tense and bəbu "became" refers to the past grammatical tense. “bo:n” is used to express the epistemic and deontic modes and “bəbu” is used to express the deontic mode. The complement of these two modal verbs is the temporal verb (present or past participles) which is used according to the subject of the sentence. The unmarked position of these two verbs is at the beginning of the sentence. The three modal verbs tonəstən "to be able", xastən "to want" and rəse:n "to arrive" in Gilaki have common syntactic features. The present tense of the modal verb tonəstan "to be able" has a reading of the deontic and dynamic modes, and its past tense has a dynamic mode. Both the present and past tenses of the modal verbs xastən "want" and rəse:n "to arrive" have dynamic modes. The complement of these verbs is conjugated in the form of a tense verb, which is always present participle, in accordance with the subject of the sentence. Examining the semantic mapping of Gilaki's modal verbs showed that among the Gilaki's modal verbs, va "should", along with its two past forms, indicates the necessity aspect on the vertical axis and has a variety of meanings on the horizontal axis; while, other Gilaki's modal verbs are placed on the vertical axis of possibility aspect and indicate polysemy or semantic differences. 5. Conclusions & Suggestions The modal verb “va” has all three epistemic, deontic and dynamic modes, and “vast” and “vasti” are used to express the deontic and dynamic modes. The modal verb “say” is used to express the epistemic and dynamic modes and “sast” is used to express the dynamic mode in Gilaki. The verb “bo:n” is used to express the epistemic and deontic modes and “bəbu” is used to express the deontic mode. The present tense of the modal verb “tonəstan” has deontic and dynamic modes and its past tense has a dynamic mode. Both the present and past tenses of the modal verbs “xastən” and “rəse:n” have dynamic mode. Also, except for “va” and its past forms, which indicate the degree of necessity, the other modal verbs of Siahkali indicate the degree of possibility. Studying the semantic mapping of Gilaki's modal verbs showed that what has been generally said about the fact that the modal elements are different on one of the axes of the conceptual space and not on both axes is also true about this dialect. “va” and its past forms on the vertical axis show the necessity and have various meanings only on the horizontal axis. Other verbs are placed on the vertical axis of possibility and have polysemy or semantic differences on this axis. Select Bibliography Bybee, J., Perkins, R. & Pagliuca, W. 1994. The Evolution of Grammar, Tense, Aspect and Modality in the Languages of the World. Chicago: University Chicago Press. Kratzer, A. 1977. “What “Must” and “Can” Must and Can Mean”. Linguistics and Philosophy 3(1): 337-355. Lyons, J. 1977. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Narrog, H. 2005. “On Defining Modality Again”. Language Sciences, 2(27): 165-192. Nauze, F.D. 2008. Modality in Typological Perspective. Institute for Logic, Language and Computation: Enschede. Nuyts, J. 2006. Modality: Overview and Linguistic Issue. The Expression of Modality. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1-26. Palmer, F. R. 1997. Modality and the English Modals. NewYork: Routledge. Portner, P. 2009. Modality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sweetser, E. E. 1982. “Root and Epistemic Modals: Causality in Two World”. In Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: 484-507.

براساس اين پژوهش ، به لحـاظ معنـايي فعـل وجهـي va (بايد) داراي خوانش هر سه وجهيت معرفتي، تکليفي و پوياست و vast (بايست ) و vasti (بايستي) و صـورت حـال فعل tonəstan (توانستن ) براي بيان وجهيت تکليفي و پويا به کار ميروند. ٢- پيشينۀ پژوهش در زبان فارسي درخصوص فعل هاي وجهي پژوهش هايي شده است : اخلاقي (١٣٨٦) بـه بررسـي سه فعل وجهي «بايستن »، «شدن » و «توانستن » پرداخته و نتيجه گرفته که فعـل «بايسـتن » تنها فعلي است که بيان کنندٔە درجۀ الزام در هر سه وجه معرفتي، تکليفي و پوياسـت و درجـۀ امکان با دو فعل ديگر بيان ميشود. متمم اين سه فعل در ساخت هاي شخصي، فعل زمان دار است که به صورت مضارع التزامـي يا ماضي التزامي در جمله حاضر شده و از نظر شخص و شمار منطبـق بـا فاعـل جملـه صـرف ميشود. از آنجاکه ays و asts در گيلکي تنها در ساخت هـاي غيرشخصي به کار ميروند و فاعل يا کنشگر در اين جمله ها حضور نـدارد، مـتمم ايـن دو فعـل وجهي فقط به صورت مصدر پس از آنها کاربرد دارد. متمم اين فعل وجهي در همۀ موارد به صورت فعل زمان دار (مضارع يا ماضي التزامي) پـس از آن کاربرد داشته و براساس شخص و شمار فاعـل جملـه صـرف مـيشـود؛ در جملـۀ (٢٤)، bugudə bon (کرده باشد: سوم شخص مفرد ماضي التزامـي) منطبـق بـا un (او: ضـمير سـوم شخص مفرد) و در جملۀ (٢٥)، bəbəri (ببري: دوم شخص مفرد مضارع التزامي) منطبق بـا tu (تو: ضمير دوم شخص مفرد) صرف شده است .