أثر المعتلات في صياغة المقاطع والإيقاع الخارجي للشعر العربي مقالة

إن البنیة الإیقاعیة تنبعث من البنیة الصوتیة والصرفیة والمعجمیة لأی لغة، کما فی اللغة العربیة، ترتبط الدراسة العروضیة بمعرفة نسج الکلمة وتوالی المقاطع الصوتیة. فدراسة المقطع الصوتی لها أهمیة بالغة فی میدان الدراسة العروضیة من حیث البناء والوزن، ولها أیضا تأثیر کبیر فی الحفاظ علی اللغة. ومن المعلوم أن طاقات اللغة العربیة غیر المحدودة جعلت منها لغة موسیقیة، متوازنة ومنسجمة، فتتمیز عن غیرها من اللغات بهذه الصفة. اتخذ الإیقاع بآفاقه الواسعة اتجاهات مختلفة عند الباحثین، إلا أننا لا نجد بحثا یسلط الضوء علی الفاعلیة الإیقاعیة للمعتلات وما تلعبه من دور فی لیونة الإیقاع وإثراء التشکیل الإیقاعی من هذا البعد. وعلیه، انصبت دراستنا فی موضوع الإیقاع الخارجی علی کشف دور المعتلات. یهدف البحث الحالی، باستخدام المنهج الوصفی ـ التحلیلی، إلی معرفة أثر المعتلات فی صیاغة المقاطع العربیة وموسیقی الشعر العربی الخارجیة ومدی فاعلیتها فی تشکیل البنیة الإیقاعیة العامة للنص وارتباط ذلک بالبعد الدلالی أحیانا. أما للکشف عن دور المعتلات فی الإیقاع الخارجی فرصدنا تلک الظواهر الإیقاعیة، حیث یکون لأحرف العلة وحذفها وتبدیلها أثر بالغ فیها. فحاولنا أن ندرس أثر هذه المعتلات فی المقاطع الشعریة والقافیة وتشکیل الأوزان والبحور فی دراسة الموسیقی الخارجیة. قد تبین لنا من خلال الدراسة أن المعتلات تعد طریقا لتنظیم المقاطع التی یحتاج إلیها الشاعر فی نظمه؛ فمن أبرز میزات المعتلات وأهمها فی الشعر هو إغناء اللغة والشعر بحروف اللین لاسیما فی الأفعال، کما لوحظ أن الأشعار العربیة انمازت بهیمنة التفعیلات ذات المقاطع الطویلة لاسیما المفتوحة (cvv)؛ کأنها بمثابة استراحة لغویة للشاعر والقارئ تخرج اللغة من أن تکون علی وتیرة واحدة مملة أحیانا عند السامع.

The rhythmic structure of any language arises from its phonetic, morphological, and lexical structure. In Arabic, prosodic studies are related to the knowledge of word texture and syllable sequence. Therefore, the study of phonetic syllables in prosodic studies is significant in terms of structure and metre and has a significant effect on language memorization. The unlimited potential of Arabic has made it a rhythmic, balanced, and harmonious language, which distinguishes it from other languages. Due to its wide range, the rhythm has different tendencies among researchers, except that we do not find any research on the rhythmic effect of "Mu’talat" and its role in the rhythmic delicacy and the enrichment of its structure. Accordingly, researchers in the present study investigated the effect of ‘Mu'tallat’ in the formulation of Arabic syllables and the relationship of vowels in the softness of rhythm and the transmission of moderation and harmony in the rhythmic formation of the text.The study sheds light on the effect of ‘Mu'tallat’ in enriching external music in Arabic poetry, as they affect the formulation of poetic syllables by deleting and replacing vowels in them. The Arabic syllables and their succession have a clear impact on the rhythm of poetry and its weights. The research aims to answer the following questions:What are the effects that vowels leave on the mechanisms of external rhythm?What is the role of the metaphors in the accidental and rhyming activations in the external rhythm of Arabic poetry?The questions posed led to the diversification of the research into two main sections: The first section presents a brief definition of the main components in this research, namely syllables, rhythm, and vowels. The second section monitors the effect of mutilations in the formulation of syllables and the rhythm of external Arabic poetry by deleting and substituting vowels.Arab linguists have named vowels for the letters “a-الف/ w/واو- y/یاء” among the twenty-eight letters of Arabic. They have also named those words that contain one of these three letters in their origins as ‘Mu'tallat’. As for the rest of the Arabic letters, they called them the correct letters or the correct consonants. Thus, sound verbs, past or present, abstract or plural, are devoid of vowels except when some of the nominative pronouns related to them join. If the Arabic language consisted only of sound verbs, it would be an annoying and ugly language to hear. One of the most prominent features of ‘Mu'tallat’ is the enrichment of language and poetry with soft letters, especially in verbs. Ali Younes conducted a cross-sectional study in poetry and prose, and it was found that the rate of use of long syllables exceeds the rate of use of short and elongated syllables (see: Younes, 1993, pp. 83-98). Accordingly, the role of ‘Mu'tallat’ in the Arabic poetry metering system emerges where the Arab poet finds a way to deceive in organizing the passages he needs in poetry. It is worth noting that the Arabic language does not have the succession of similar sound syllables in the form of the correct past tense form consisting of three short syllables such as ‘kataba’. The Arabic language tends to get rid of this by using weak verbs. This is like ‘vafa, rama, qaza’ in the weak and defective verbs and ‘qala, khafa’ in the “ajwaf” verbs, and the original forms of them are qavala, khavefa, as well as their present tense. The researchers reached by extrapolation, in ancient and modern times, to the effect of vowels in the letter of rhyme at the end of a poetic verse, as if it was a linguistic break for the poet and reader.The elongated syllable may appear in some etymological or grammatical changes, as shown in the collision of two static letters. At that time, Arabic tended to get rid of this type of syllable by converting it to the closed long syllable, either by deleting or moving. This syllable is one of the mostly used and common syllables in Arabic. This often happened in weak verbs, the vowels are removed from them, for ease of pronunciation and to get rid of heaviness in speech. Therefore, these ‘Mu'tallats’ have a great impact on the construction of poetic syllables and the elements of the meter of poetry.The authors of the present study found that the relationship between the two sciences of prosody and morphology is evident in the language. It is a meeting point between them, as the rhythmic structure emanates from the morphological and phonetic structure. Mu'tallat is one of the great energies in the Arabic language that the poet uses as he pleases while preserving the structure of the linguistic and prosody word. Mu'tallat has a great impact on enriching language and poetry with the change and deletion of vowels, as they affect the formulation of Arabic syllables.The sequence of syllables affects the classification of meters and the rhythm of the text. It has a clear effect on forming the long open syllable by switching the vowel. Also, its role in the formulation of the closed long syllable by deleting the vowel is clear in the present participle “ajwaf” verbs, the past “ajwaf” verb connected to the pronouns, the imperative form of the “ajwaf”, and so on. To get rid of the rejected syllable in some combinations, these two long syllables are common syllables in Arabic, and they help facilitate the pronunciation process.