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جنبش اسماعیلیۀ نزاری همدوره با سلجوقیان، خوارزمشاهیان و خلفای عباسی، با در اختیار گرفتن بخش زیادی از دژها و استحکامات ایران، بهویژه در غرب، شرق و جنوب کوهستان البرز، کومس، ساوه، اصفهان، خوزستان، خراسان و قهستان، شبهِ دولتی ایرانی را بنیان نهادند که مشروعیتِ شیعی هفت امامی داشت و دِژنشینی و دِژسازی ویژگی بارزِ ایشان بود و از این دژها پایش بر تمامی امور اعماز: سیاسی، نظامی، اقتصادی و... انجام میگرفت. پژوهشهایی که در زمینۀ شناسایی دژهای نزاریان شده هنوز پاسخگوی بسیاری از پرسشها نیست و در جایگاهِ مشهورترین دژهایشان؛ همچون میمونِ دِژ، اَردَهَن، اُستوناوَند و...؛ با دیدگاههای ناهمسویی روبهرو هستیم و لزوم پژوهشهای متمرکز و تخصصی در اینزمینه احساس میشود؛ لذا در این جُستار، هدف اصلی یافتن یکی از این قلاع گمشده بهنام «شاهدِز» خواهد بود که بنا به گزارش «جهانگشای جوینی» در نیمۀ سدۀ هفتم هجریقمری در مسیر لشکریان مغول به فرماندهی «هولاگوخان» در حدود دماوند به قصران و تبرستان قرار داشت. پرسش اصلی پژوهش این است که آیا تپۀ سَرقلعۀ لَواسان از دژهای حدفاصل تبرستان-قَصران با ویژگیهای شاهدِزِ گمشدۀ اسماعیلی همخوانی دارد؟ فرضیۀ اصلی این است که شاهدِز همان سَرقلعه در مرز شرقی لَواسان با مازندران است. روش این پژوهش برپایۀ بررسیهای میدانی و مطالعات کتابخانهای است که پژوهش میدانی بر سه محور جغرافیای تاریخی، دادههای باستانشناسی و معماریِ برجا، استوار بود که در گسترهای از جنوب استانِ مازندران تا شهرستانهایِ فیروزکوه، دماوند و شمیرانات در شمال استان تهران انجامگرفت و پژوهشهای کتابخانهای برای بیرون کشیدن سوابق شاهدِز و برابرسنجی ویژگیهای محوطههای برگزیده با گزارش متون تاریخی ضروری بود. با بررسیهای انجامشده این برآیند حاصل شد که تپۀ سَرقلعۀ لَواسان، همان شاهدِز است که حدفاصل سدههای پنج تا هفت هجریقمری پایگاه اسماعیلیه در قَصران بود.
AbstractIsma’ilis simultaneously with the Seljuks and the Khwarazmshahis, taking over a large part of the fortifications of Iran, especially in the west, east and south of the Alborz Mountains, Qumis, Dasht-e Kavir, Qom and Saveh, Isfahan, Khurasan, Quhistan and Sistan. They had established an Iranian government within the Seljuk dynasty and the Abbasid caliphs, which had the Shiite legitimacy of the seven Imams. The art of castle building and castle dwelling was a special feature of the Nizari Isma’ili movement. In the place of his most famous fortresses; Alamut and Maymun-Dez; There are differences of opinion, and the true status of some of their fortresses, such as Ardahan, Ostunavand, and the Shah-Dez, is unclear, and the views presented do not overlap with the documentation and it was necessary to conduct focused research on the subject. Therefore, in this article, we consider the location of one of these mysterious castles called Shah-Dez, which according to the book of Jahangoshay Joveini, was located in the course of Holagokhan’s campaign in 654 AH, southwest of Tabaristan to the east of Deylamistan, and after being opened by the Mongols. It was razed to the ground and went down in history. So the main question will be which of the forts between Tabaristan and Qasran corresponds to the lost Shah-Dez? The main hypothesis is that Shah-Dez is consistent with the characteristics of one of Lavasan hills called Sar-Qal’eh. The method of this research is based on two sections: Survey and Library Studies, which go together. Based on the studies, we came to the conclusion that the fortress in Qasran, which was between the 5th and 8th centuries AH of the Isma’ili base and could have the title of Shah-Dez, is in the heart of the same hill that is now known as Sar-Qal’eh.Keywords: Isma’ili Forts, Qasran, Shah-Dez, Sar-Qal’eh in Lavasan, Kafar-Qhal’eh. IntroductionIsma’ilis simultaneously with the Seljuks and the Khwarazmshahis, taking over a large part of the fortifications of Iran.The art of castle building and castle dwelling was a special feature of the Nizari Isma’ili movement. The first castle to fall into the hands of Hassan Sabbah, the marvelous figure in Iranian history and the charismatic leader of the Isma’ilis, was the Alamut fortress. This fort was built in 246 AH by one of the kings of Al-e Jastan in Deylam (Joveini, 1391: 797).In the place of his most famous fortresses; Alamut and Maymun-Dez; There are differences of opinion, and the true status of some of their fortresses, such as Ardahan, Ostunavand, and the Shah-Dez, is unclear, and the views presented do not overlap with the documentation and it was necessary to conduct focused research on the subject.Questions and Hypotheses: So the main question will be: 1-Which of the lost forts between Tabaristan and Qasran corresponds to the lost Shah-Dez? The sub-questions are as follows: 2-Is it possible that the disappearance and forgetting of the fortress with the characteristics of Shah-Dez, which existed until the seventh AH century, is due to the fact that its name has changed? 3- Possible Sar-Qal’eh hill in Lavasan be the same as Shah-Dez?The main hypothesis is that: 1- Shah-Dez is located in Lavasan to Qasran and its characteristics are consistent with the characteristics of one of the Lavasan-Qasran forts.2- It is possible that after the destruction of Shah-Dez by the Mongols, its name was changed and it was given another name. 3- Sar-Qal’eh hill in Lavasan can be the same as Shah-Dez.This type of research is based on two field and library sections that go hand in hand and fall into the realm of Historical Geography, Archeology, and Architecture. Reporting historical evidence and utilizing remote sensing knowledge and indigenous oral data will also play a significant role in shaping the outcome. At the beginning, statistics were prepared from all sites, including caves, cemeteries, castles or related ancient hills, pre-identified and newly discovered, and by visiting these sites, their data were categorized and analyzed, and options Irrelevant was left out. Then, the options that are more compatible with historical sources were separated and the selected cases were weighed and evaluated more accurately with the data of historical sources so that we could reach the position of Shah-Dez among them. Identified TracesBy the analysis of report of Joveini, we find that we should search for Shah-Dez in the area of old Lavasan, which borders on Tabaristan, and identify and survey the forts of this area.By identifying and examining four Kafar Qal’eh Which were attributed to the Isma’ilis, It turned out that the two Kafar Qal’eh in Veskareh and Lavasan pass were both used as watch towers and small garrisons. Kafar Qal’eh in Chaharbagh was a pre-Islamic cemetery and settlement, and another Kafar Qal’eh in the eastern pastures of Lavasan was a small settlement from the Middle Ages that did not have the characteristics of a fortress.In the central part of Lavasan village, there is Sar-Qal’eh hill that is about 100 meters wide &150 meters long. On the initial visit to the hill, small remains of the perimeter fence and arch of the bath gate and one of the towers and an overview of the plan of the castle were identified. With additional studies, it became clear that Sar-Qal’eh hill, the same as Lavasan castle, was the seat of Lavasan rulers. Based on archeological excavations, it was determined that the lower layers of the excavated section belong to the Seljuk period, and in the patriarchal, Timurid and Safavid periods, architectural spaces were added to it. It is as if this fortress was destroyed by the Mongols and rebuilt in the eighth century AH. The only heavy attack that led to the complete destruction of the Alborz forts in the fifth to seventh centuries AH was the Mongol invasion led by Hulagu Khan to destroy the Isma’ilis. ConclusionTherefore, the only fortress in Qasran, which was between the 5th and 8th centuries AH, was the Isma’ili base and could have the title of Shah-Dez, was the present Sar-Qal’eh. Secondly, it is located at the border with Tabaristan and next to Lar and Damavand. According to the report of Joveini, the Hulagukhan camp was here. According to the Author’s studies, it was located in Qushkhaneh in Lar, which is right next to the pavilion, because the remains of the pavilion of the Ilkhans, especially Arghun Shah, are located here. Thirdly, it was located on the fort or the passage of Hulagukhan, and since it was not very high, therefore, it was not very strong and it was opened in one to two days. The watchtowers, forts and surrounding pastures called Kafar Qal’eh and Dezd Darreh and the Shahneshin area in the same area where Sar-Qal’eh hill is located, leave no doubt that the remains of the Shah-Dez were located in the same Sar-Qal’eh hill. Until the eighth century, it fell into the hands of the Rostamdar kings and Lavasan castle was built on it. By the attack of Timur Lang These fortresses were conquered and used until Safavid times.