خلاصة:
AbstractDuring the Safavid era, some prominent Iranian families migrated to India for various reasons. The emigration of these dynasties to the Mughal Empire (Gurkanis) real along with their numerous political and social experiences were naturally the source of considerable influence in various fields in India. Among these families was the Zik Family. This family, which had a brilliant record of military and political service during the reign of King Abbas I, was angered by Safavid court and was forced to leave Iran and seek refuge in the Mughal court. Employing a library technique and descriptive-analytical research method, the present study makes attempts to answer this question: what role did the Zik family play in the Indian Mughal era? The findings of this study confirm that the Zik family, using its military and political experience, played an effective role in confronting with Uzbeks and some of conquest of Mughal Empire. The effort of the f in civil and urban areas of some Mughal territories such as Kashmir and Kabul and their uninterrupted support for the spread of Persian language and Shiite religion in India was one of the important effects of this family''s presence on the Mughal court of India. Introduction As one of the most significant periods in the political history of Iran, the Safavid era established an influential movement by forming a central government and recognizing Shiism. Along with the political and religious measures of the Safavid kings, this movement brought many upheavals and consequences, one of the most significant of which was the acceleration of migration to neighboring countries such as the Ottoman territory and India. Although some immigrants chose the Ottoman Empire to emigrate, the existence of some issues such as the constant militancy between the Ottoman government and the Safavids, along with the desire to return home after resolving the existing difficulties faced the choice of the territory of the Ottoman Empire as a place of migration with many challenges. As a result, at this time the flow of migration to the Indian subcontinent, especially the Indian Gurkhanid territory, became more significant. In addition to the aforementioned points, what had further caused the Persians’ migration to the Indian Gurkhanid territory was the attention and luck of the Gurkhanid court to the Persian immigrants. The policy of religious tolerance in the Indian Gurkhanid court as well as the special attention of its kings to the educated Persian immigrants, caused when they had entered India, enhance their statuses using their political, administrative, and military abilities and experiences soon enough. Among these immigrant families were Zik Family who served the Indian Gurkhanid government for more than a century (1047-1118 AH) in various political, social, and cultural fields. This family headed by Ganjali Khan Zik during the reign of Abbas I of Persia was the source of many services, especially against the Uzbeks. The services of this family continued in other fields during this period as the district of Kerman and then Kandahar under the rule of this family experienced one of its most prosperous periods. Although the services of this family continued in various political and military aspects after the death of Abbas I of Persia and the succession of Safi of Persia, the provision of certain conditions provided the ground for the family under the leadership of Alimardan Khan Zik to seek refuge in the Gurkhanid court of India. From the very beginning of the house’s arrival in India, they were quickly noticed by the Gurkhanids and held high positions in the Indian political establishment. To better understand the role of Zik Family in the Indian Gurkhanid court, this study seeks to answer the following questions:What caused Zik Family to seek refuge in the Indian Gurkhanid court?What role did Zik Family play in the Gurkhaid government of India?C- What were the reasons for the success of Zik Family in the of the Indian Gurkhanid territory?Thus, this study mainly aims to determine the role and position of Zik Family in the Indian Gurkhanid court. Research MethodologyThe present research was conducted via a descriptive-analytical research method and based on library resources. Via this method, as explaining the presence and services of Zik Family in the Iranian Safavid era, the grounds and reasons for the asylum of this House to the Gurkhanid court were investigated. Various political, social, and cultural areas and their success in the Indian Gurkhanid government were also discussed, studied, and analyzed. DiscussionAs one of the famous houses in the Safavid era, Zik Family, headed by Ganjali Khan during the reign of Abbas I of Persia became the source of many services in the political upheavals and administration of provinces such as Kerman and Kandahar. After Abbas I of Persia’s death and Safi of Persia’s accession, the relations between the Safavid government and Zik Family were shaken due to the jealousy and efforts of the courtiers (Olearius, 1984: 660). Following the threat of Safi of Persia against Ali Mardan Khan the Zik, who became the ruler of Kandahar after the death of his father, Ganjali Khan, he and his family took refuge in the Gurkhanid court and surrendered Kandahar to the Gurkhanid government. Upon his arrival in Delhi, Ali Mardan Khan was welcomed by Shah Jahan the Gurkhanid, and handed over the rule of Kashmir and Lahore and then Kabul. In the meantime, in addition to ruling the mentioned areas, Zik Family played an influential role in the military conflicts of the Gurkhanids of India, especially the conquest of Balkh and Badakhshan, which was the long-standing dream of the Gurkhanids (Lahori, 1989: 2/421). Ali Mardan Khan’s death coincided with the challenge of the sons of Shah Jahan over his succession. Although in those conflicts, Zik Family supported the official crown prince Dara Shikoh, after Aurangzeb’s victory, Zik Family continued to hold important positions due to their history and successful services during the Shah Jahan’s era, as the administration of Kashmir, Lahore and Kabul provinces was still handed over to Ali Mardan Khan’s sons, Ibrahim Khan and Abdullah Khan. Zik Family also played a significant role in construction in Kashmir, Lahore, and Kabul by building gardens, digging irrigation canals, and repairing roads (Ashena, 2009: 372). In the cultural arena, Zik Family, in addition to holding debates between Shiite and Sunni scholars and strengthening Shiite teachings by supporting Persian-speaking poets, they also played a crucial role in promoting the Persian language and literature in India. Undoubtedly, the success of Zik Family covered the support of the Persians in the Gurkhanid court, the tolerance policy of the Gurkhanid kings, and the open cultural space in India (Fakhr al-Zamani, 1961: 761). ConclusionZik Family was one of the prominent Persian dynasties in the Safavid period. Although this house was the source of many services in various political, military, and civil fields in Persia during the reign of Abbas I of Persia, the death of Abbas I of Persia, Safi of Persia’s coming to power, the intensification of disputes and rivalries, and Safi of Perisa''s morbid suspicion caused changes in the relations between the court and Zik Family. Accordingly, the Persian Safavid court, apart from the prominent services of Zik Family in various fields and their role in conquering the key area of Kandahar, once again accused Ali Mardan Khan the Zik of rebellion by resorting to a permanent campaign of independence and despite Ali Mardan Khan’s efforts and insistence on declaring obedience, an army was sent to Kandahar to suppress him. Thus, with the closing of the doors of negotiations with the Iranian court on the one hand and the repeated and encouraging messages of the Indian Gurkanid court, the ground was paved for Ali Mardan Khan to seek refuge and surrender Kandahar to the Gurkhanid government. As a result, in addition to losing the lucrative Kandahar region, the Persian Safavid court also an experienced commander and a competent manager.In contrast, the Indian Gurkanid government welcomed this house in the light of financial and psychological support and incentives and benefited from the abundant experiences of the house in various fields, especially the development of their possessions and the suppression of the Uzbeks. At this time, with the help of other Persian officials in Gurkhanid court hold high managerial and military positions, Zik Family played an effective role in transferring successful plans and models taken from Persia during the reign of Abbas I in urban management and optimal use of water resources to the Gurkhanid government. In addition to these services, the strengthening and spread of Shiism and Persian losses in the Indian subcontinent were the serious and continuous goals of Zik Family. 1. Afoshtei Natanzi, Mohammad Ibn Hedayatullah. (1971). Naqawa Al-Athar Fi Zikr Al-Akhyar(selection of works in mentioning of the good), Tehran: Book Translation and Publishing Company.2. Alami, Abu'l-Fazl. (1994). Akbarnama (Book of Akbar), Tehran: Institute of Cultural Studies andResearch, vol. 2.3. Alizadeh Moghadam, Badrosadat. (2011). The Effects of Kandahar Issues on Political Contentionsbetween Safavids and Baburids (1526-1707), Journal of History of Islam and Iran, Al-ZahraUniversity, 21(11), 81-98.4. Ashna, Mirza Mohammad Taher Khan. (2009). A summary of the Shahjahannama (Chronicle ofShah Jahan), Jamil-ur-Rehman (Ed.), Delhi: Cultural Consultation of the Islamic Republic of Iran.5. Azam Khan, Khajeh Mohammad. (1911). Events of Kashmir, Lahore: Mohammadi Press.6. Badlisi, Amir Sharaf Khan. (1964). Sharafnama (Detailed History of Kurdistan), Tehran: Elmi.7. Bakhshi, Motamed Khan. (1865). Iqbalname Jahangiri, Mawlawi Abdul Hai (Ed.), Calcutta: PressCollege.8. Bakhtavar Khan. (1975). Miraat Al-Alam (the women of the world), Sajedeh Alavi (Ed.), Lahore:Pakistan Research Office.9. Bastani Parizi, Mohammad Ibrahim. (1964). Ganjali Khan, Journal of Faculty of Humanities, 1(1),65-86.10.Bastani Parizi, Mohammad Ibrahim. (1983). Ganjali Khan, Tehran: Asatir.11.Behkari, Sheikh Farid al-Din. (1970). Dhakhirat Al-Khawanin, Moin Al-Haq (Ed.), Karachi:Pakistan Historical Society.12.Behniafar, Ahmad Reza. (2019). Civilization Services Of Amir Fathollah Shirazi In The Court ofAkbar Shah Gourkhani, Journal of Subcontinent Researches, 11(37), 9-24.13.Bhagwan Das Hindi. (1978). Indian ship, Shah Mohammad Atta-ur-Rehman Kakoi (Ed.), Patna.14.Brahman, Chandrabahan, Chaharchaman. (2004). Mohammad Younes Jafari (Ed.), New Delhi:Cultural History of the Islamic Republic of Iran.15.Christensen, Arthur. (1982). Iran during the Sassanids, Rashid Yasemi (Trans.), Tehran:Amirkabir.16.Elliot. H.M. (1877). The History of India. London: Trubner and Co, Vol 7.17.Farzin, Saman., Saeedeh Moradzadehe Mirzaei. (2021). The Connection Between Iran AndIndia.The FootprintsOf Iranian Architects In The Construction of Historical Gardens In Kashmir,Journal of Subcontinent Researches, 13(1), 235-250.18.Ghaneh Tatavi, Mir Ali Shir. (1971). Tahfa al-Karam, Hesamuddin Rashedi (Ed.), Hyderabad:Board Documentary.19.Hamedani, Hakim Safdar. (n.d). History of Shiites in Kashmir, Sringer: Markazi.20.Hosseini Astarabadi, Hassan Ibn Morteza. (1987). Tarikh Soltani (a royal history), Tehran: Elmi.21.Hosseini, Seyed Mohammad Ali. (1947). Tarikh Rahat Afaza (Rahat Afza History), Hyderabad:Azam Printing House.22.Ibrat Lahuri, Muhammad Baqir. (1977). Ibrat-nama, Lahore: Pakistan Research Office.23.Isfahani, Mohammad Masoom Ibn Khajagi. (1989). Khulasat al-Seir (a summary of a journey),Tehran, Elmi Publications.24.Kahuyhami, Pir Gholamuddin Hassan. (1966). History of Hassan, Sringer: unknown.Journal of Subcontinent Researches, Vol 14, Issue 43 16025.Kajbaf, Ali Akbar, Dehghannejad, Morteza. (2011). Explaining and Comparing the PoliticalFunction of Political and Tribal Elites, Historical Research, 3(11), 29-57.26.Kamboh, Muhammad Saleh Kamboh Lahori. (1968). Shahjahannama (Chronicle of Shah Jahan),edited by Gholam Yazdani, Lahore: Shafiq Press.27.Khafi Khan Nizam al-Mulki, Hashim Khan. (1869). Muntakhab al-Bab (Selected works), RumiKabiruddin Ahmad (Ed.), Calcutta: College Press.28.Lahore, Abdul Hamid. (1868). Shahnama, Rumi Kabir al-Din Ahmad (Ed.), Calcutta: CollegePress.29.Luft, Paul. (2001). Iran during the reign of Shah Abbas II, Keikaus Jahandari (Trans.), Tehran:Ministry of Foreign Affairs Publications.30.Marashi Hosseini, Mohammad Khalil. (1949). Majmaal-Tawarikh, Tehran: Iqbal.31.Mashizi Bardsiri, Mir Mohammad Saeed. (1990). Tazkereh-ye Safaviyeh-ye Kerman, Tehran, AlamPublications.32.Masoom, Muhammad. (2006). History of Shah Shojaei, Mohammad Younes Jafari (Ed.), NewDelhi: unknown.33.Matthee, Rudolph. (2014). Persia in Crisis, Hassan Afshar (Tran.), Tehran: Markaz.34.Nasrabadi, Mohammad Taher. (1999). Tazkereh Nasrabadi, Hassan Naji (Ed.), Tehran: Asatir.35.Olearius, Adam. (1984). Travelogue, Ahmad Behpour (Trans.), Tehran: Ebtekar Now Publications.36.Rahim, Abdur. (1934). Mughal Relation with Persia, Islamic Culture, 8, 16-49.37.Riyad al-Islam. (1994). History of Iran-India Relations, Majmad Baqer Aram (Trans.), Tehran:Amirkabir.38.Rostam Al-Hakma, Mohammad Hashem Asef. (2003). Rostam Al-Tawarikh, edited by MitraMehrabadi, Tehran: Book World.39.Shah Nawaz Khan, Samsam ud Daula. (1890). Ma'asir al-umara, Rumi Mirza Ashraf Ali (Ed.),Calcutta: Ardogaid.40.Sivari, Roger. (1993). Safavid Iran, Kambiz Azizi (Trans.), Tehran: Markaz Publishing.41.Turkman, Iskanderbek. (2003). History of Alam Aray Abbasi, Tehran: Amirkabir.42.Vahid Qazvini, Mohammad Taher. (1950). Abbasnama (History of Shah Abbas II), EbrahimDehgan (Ed.), Arak: Davari.43.Vaziri, Ahmad Ali Khan. (1973). History of Kerman, Mohammad Ibrahim Bastani Parizi (Ed.),Tehran: Alam.44.Waleh Qazvini, Mohammad Yousef. (2001). Khold-e barin (Iran during the reign of Shah Safi andShah Abbas II), Mohammad Reza Nasiri (Ed.), Tehran: Association of Cultural Works and Honors.45.Yasemi, Rashid. (1991). Kurds and the Connection of their Race and History, Tehran: Majma-eKetab.
(
, 
, 
)
