استمرار دادرسی و احکام آن در حقوق ایران و فرانسه مقالة

به طور معمول، با صدور رأی قاطع، یک مرحله از دادرسی پایان یافته و مرحلۀ جدیدی آغاز می‌گردد. برای مثال، دادگاه بدوی اقدام به صدور قرار عدم استماع دعوی یا حکم ماهوی می‌نماید و محکوم‌علیه با تجدیدنظر خواهی از آن، دادرسی را وارد مرحلۀ بعدی می‌نماید. در این موارد، دادرسی با اثر انتقالی از یک مرحله، واردی مرحلهای دیگر می‌شود. اما صدور رأی قاطع دعوی، همیشه باعث پایان یافتن یک مرحله و ورود دادرسی به مرحلۀ جدید نمی‌شود. برای مثال، در مواردی که قرار دادگاه بدوی در دادگاه تجدیدنظر نقض می‌شود، معلوم می‌شود که صدور قرار مورد نظر باعث پایان یافتن مرحلۀ بدوی و آغاز مرحلۀ تجدیدنظر نشده است. استمرار مرحلۀ واحد دادرسی علی‌رغم صدور رأی قاطع دعوی، مصادیق متعددی دارد که در این مقاله، نخست به بررسی آن خواهیم پرداخت. اما صرف تعیین مصادیق استمرار دادرسی در مرحلۀ واحد یا استمرار آن در مراحل متعدد، فایدۀ عملی چندانی ندارد. به همین خاطر، بخش دوم این مقاله به تعیین آثاری که این تفکیک بر تکالیف دادگاه و حقوق و تکالیف طرفین دارد، اختصاص یافته است

By holding a definitive judgment, normally the trial transfers from one phase of proceedings to the next one. For example, in the case of holding the judgment of non-acceptance of action or the judgment in the merit of the case by the court of first instance, the case enters in new phase by appeal of condemned party. In these cases, the trial transfers from one phase into another one according to evaluative effect of appeal. But holding the definitive judgment does not necessarily result in transferring the trial from one phase to another one. For example, in cases where the court of first instance’s injunction, would be invalidated by the court of appeal and consequently the case return to court of first instance, it could be recognized that the holding of the definitive judgment, by the court of first instance could not result in termination of one phase of trial and opening of a new one. Consequently, the trial which is pursued after reversal of any form of injunctions is regarded as continuation of former trial. It is noteworthy that pronouncing a judgment in merit of a case doesn't necessarily results in transfer of trial from one phase to another one. In fact, by reversal of a judgment by higher courts, it reveals that trial of inferior court had not been finished and it must be continued. Controversies arise between Iranian lawyers in respect of regarding rehearing as a new phase of trial or continuity of former trial. There are many evidences that confirm latter theory, including automatic reversal of contested award after rehearing of absent party or necessity of protection of procedural rights of parties in the first session of trial. For practical reasons, the second section of this article is dedicated to effects of continuity of trial on responsibilities of courts and rights and obligations of parties. In respect of first title, one of the responsibilities of courts is observation of reasonable deadline of trial. In this regard, if trial of first instance and rehearing proceedings is considered as a unique trial, the whole time of trial would be considered as criterion of recognition of reasonable deadline by the court. Accordingly, competence of court is affected by continuity of trial. In accordance with Art. 26 of Iranian Civil Procedure Code, the competence of court is evaluated in time of statement of petition. Consequently, in case of reversal of injunction of court of first instance by the appeal court, the competence of former court is measured by time of petition, not reversal of judgment or return of petition. Similarly, the impeachment of the judge may be affected by the continuity of trial. One of the main reasons of impeachment of judge in Iranian Law is former pronouncing on the merit of the case by the judge (Art. 91 Iranian Civil Procedure Code). Consequently, if we consider the retrial of the inferior court, after the reversal of the injunction by the higher jurisdictions, a new trial, the former proceeding may impede the judge from later hearing of the case. The continuity of proceeding affects the responsibility of court to form new session and to pronounce new judgment on the matter. If we consider rehearing as a new phase of trial, the judge must pronounce a new judgment and could not only uphold the former judgment. Additionally, the rights and responsibilities of parties may be affected by continuity of proceedings. In cases where the statement of petition is limited to a deadline, the continuity of proceeding affects the validity of petition. If we consider the trial of inferior court, after reversal of its judgment by higher court, as a new trial, the time of statement of new petition may consider as the criterion of acceptance of petition. The continuity of proceedings affects mainly the rights and obligations of parties in the first session of proceedings. In the case of continuity of an unique trial, reopening of a case in the same court, don't result in revitalizing the rights and obligations of the parties in the first session of the trial, because of fact that first session had been formed before the reversal of judgment. In contrary, reopening of a case in same court, in different phases does cause the revitalizing the rights and obligations of the parties in the first session of this trial.