آسیب‌شناسی طرح های توسعه‌ی شهری بوشهر از منظر حق به شهر با تاکید بر ضوابط تفکیک اراضی مسکونی مقالة

مؤلف: خواجه، احمدرضا ؛ حاجی زا، پویا ؛ دهقانیان، مهسا ؛

نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی بهار 1403- شماره 62 ، A (Azad University/ISC (‎28 صفحة - من 154 إلی 181 )

الکلمات المفتاحية: بوشهر طرح‌های شهری طرح جامع و تفصیلی نظریه حق به شهر لوفور Comprehensive and detailed plan Theory of the right to the city of Lefebvre Bushehr Urban plans

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خلاصة:

طرح‌های شهری، ابزاری جهت حل مشکلات توسعه شهرنشینی می‌باشد که از برنامه چهارم عمرانی در دستور کار قرار گرفت و با گذشت چند دهه از اجرای این طرح‌ها در ایران، به دلیل کاستی‌ها، موفقیت در زمینه ساماندهی مشکلات شهری دارای ابهام است. شناخت سطحی از زمینه و عدم رعایت نظریه حق به شهر لوفور و بی‌توجهی به اثرات ضابطه‌ای نادرست بر فضای عمومی شهری از جمله معایب این طرح‌ها است. این پژوهش به تبیین رابطه‌ی آن‌ها با نظریه حق به شهر لوفور در شهر بوشهر پرداخته است. روش پژوهش، کاربردی است. شیوه گردآوری اطلاعات، بررسی اسناد کتابخانه‌ای و برداشت‌های میدانی است. شهر بوشهر مرکز استان بوشهر است که طبق سرشماری سال 1395، جمعیت این شهر 223 هزار نفر است و قلمروی جغرافیایی است. در پژوهش حاضر از طریق شبیه‌سازی ضوابط طرح تفصیلی شهر بوشهر، مؤلفه‌هایی همچون سیما و منظر شهری، توده گذاری و نحوه‌ی استقرار ابنیه، سبزینگی، محصوریت، پدافند غیرعامل و ایجاد ظرفیت تخلفات ساختمانی از منظر نظریه حق به شهر لوفور بررسی شده است. نتایج حاکی از آن است که ضوابط شهر بوشهر باعث ایجاد تعادل و انضباط فضایی و کالبدی نخواهد شد و با عدم مشارکت شهروندان در زمان تهیه طرح و بدون توجه به اثرات آن بر فضای عمومی در نقطه مقابل نظریه حق به شهر لوفور سیر می‌کند و مشکلاتی همچون کاهش سبزینگی محلات، محصوریت زیاد در کوچه‌های کم‌عرض، تأثیر بر جدایی گزینی و توده گذاری بی‌نظم و نامناسب، زمینه‌ساز تخلفات گسترده ساختمانی و بروز موانع در پدافند غیرعامل را در پی دارد.

خلاصة:

introduction: due to the upward trend of urbanization, the preparation of urban plans with a technocratic approach, the lack of participation of citizens in the preparation of plans, encroachment on the public space of the city, new terms such as the right to the city were gradually formed; and the people came to the conclusion and belief that in addition to the right to participate in urban affairs and decision-making, they have the right to own and allocate and enjoy suitable urban spaces, especially public spaces, which means that in a completely equal and fair way, the right to use urban spaces, especially spaces they are public and urban plans should be designed in such a way that they are suitable for the use of all classes and social groups. according to this process, in order to realize the rights of the citizens, demands should be taken into account in order to allocate and create space in the city for all groups of people. the urban space, especially the public space of the city, belongs to everyone and requires a change of approach in creating equal opportunities for everyone to use the urban space, this is exactly what we have rarely witnessed in the implementation of urban plans and rarely in iran in the process of preparing and implementing these plans, it has been noticed that this is one of the most basic and fundamental flaws in the preparation of urban plans. research aim: after stating the history, necessity, goals and characteristics of urban plans, especially the detailed and comprehensive plan, this research seeks to find out the effect of the rules and criteria of the detailed plan of bushehr city on components such as appearance and urban landscape, enclosure, passive defense and the potential to create construction violations. from the point of view of the right to the city. therefore, it should be seen, to what extent the rules of detailed plan of bushehr city affect the urban rights of citizens, the right of possession and allocation in urban public spaces and the improvement of the quality of the city's public space? are citizens willing to comply with these rules and regulations? have unauthorized and unregulated constructions and construction violations caused the quality of public urban spaces to decrease from the point of view of the right to the city, and have the collective rights of all or at least most of the city's residents been respected according to the issues raised? methodology: the present research method is descriptive and analytical. the collection of information is also by library and field method; in the library method, using various sources, statistics and maps, and in the field method, it has been done from the main neighborhoods of bushehr city, such as sangi, jafrah, ben mane, ashuri neighborhoods, and since in this research, the rules and standards of the detailed plan of bushehr city and in particular the rules and regulations of the separation of residential use from the perspective of the right to the city and the explanation of the relationship between the two are discussed, it is aligned with theoretical researches; and since the analyzes performed can be used by consulting engineering companies, urban planners and designers, and even the executive system of cities, it is practical. studied areas: in the current research, bushehr city, as one of the southwestern cities of iran and the center of bushehr province, which has a population of 223 thousand people according to the 2015 census, is considered as a geographical territory (iran statistics center, 2015). bushehr is one of the cities that have had previous comprehensive and detailed studies; the last detailed plan of bushehr city, following the comprehensive plan of that year, was approved in 1368 solar year, and it is set as the benchmark for bushehr's executive institutions and organizations; after the expiration of the mentioned plan, the last master plan of bushehr port under the title of strategic-structural plan of bushehr city, which was prepared by shahr and plan consulting engineers company, was approved by the supreme council of urban planning and architecture of iran in 2012, whose horizon forecast is for the year 1400. considered (shahr and program, 1392:115). results: the lack of awareness of the citizens and residents of bushehr neighborhoods about the right to the works proposed in lefebvre's theory, which means the right to have information about what is going to be produced; it has caused such a chaotic situation. therefore, the awareness of the citizens and residents of a city about what exists and is produced and what is going to be produced in the future will cause their cooperation in the formation of suitable public spaces. the presence of open public spaces in neighborhoods has been an important and influential factor in the presence of residents of a neighborhood in public arenas and their participation in creating local hangouts. he observed the public arenas and their participation in the construction of local hangouts and settlement of neighborhoods. the new regulations of bushehr city have caused the lack of active presence of citizens in urban spaces and reduced the vitality of bushehr neighborhoods. and finally, all these factors have caused what lefebvre deals with in this theory, namely the participation of citizens in the production of urban spaces and the right of all classes and citizens to enjoy high-quality urban spaces, through the formation of such an enclosure. conclusion: in order to reduce the negative effects of urban plans and their rules and regulations on the structure of cities, the following suggestions have been presented: avoiding the purely technocratic and positivist approach, while paying attention to the interests and needs of citizens, as well as a forward-looking view through the simulation of rules and regulations when preparing urban development plans, paying attention to the existing context and identifying and correctly understanding the spatiality of cities in conducting climatic, economic, social and physical studies and compiling the rules and regulations of urban development plans, coordinating the executive policies with the proposed policies of urban plans in the field of implementing the proposals, creating a suitable context and platform for the participation of citizens in the preparation of urban development plans.

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