ملخص الجهاز:
The life history of leading early medieval European scholars, of whom Gregory, Adelard, Aquinas, and Bacon are representative, presents ample evidence of the Islamic influence on the West.
Examining the Intellectual History of Europe and the Muslim World The Renaissance of the fifteenth century marked the triumph of the scientific method over speculative philosophy and Scholastic theology as the supreme source of knowledge.
Prior to the rise of the scientific spirit, the western epistemological tradition had been based on Christian theology, and, prior to that, on Greek philosophy.
It is often assumed that the Scholastic philosophy of medieval Europe made no significant contribution to modem thought, and therefore the credit for reawakening the European intellect from its long slumber is often given exclusively to classical Greek thought.
Makdisi presents a strong argument that this method was adopted by the West, like numerous other ideas, from the Muslim world during the intellectual ferment that was taking place in Europe around the twelfth century.
Considering their work, and the larger group of Muslim scientists from the classical period, one can see why Briffault says: What we call science arose in Europe as a result of a new spirit of inquiry, of new methods of investigation, of the development of mathematics in a form unknown to the Greeks.
90 Following the line of argument that has been presented here in order to illustrate the Islamic impact on western civilization, one is left with a puzzling question: Why did the industrial/scientific revolution take place in Europe and not in the Muslim world?