ملخص الجهاز:
' This practice was consolidated later into a fixed law and special courts were established by the first Caliphs to dispense justice to various non-Muslim communities-citizens and resident aliens as well as foregin travellers and casual visitors-according to their personal laws and by their co-religionists.
was sent by the Apostle of God as a judge (qadi) to al-janad (in al-Yarnan) in order to impart to the people knowledge of the Qur'an and of the laws of Islam and to decide their disputes; and the Prophet authorised him to gather the amount of religious taxes collected by local officials in al-Yarnan.
The dialogue has a peculiar interest and great importance in the history of Islamic law and administration of justice: "How wouldst thou decide the cases?" asked the Prophet.
We have just mentioned that even in the time of the Prophet instructions were given to governors and judges when they were leav• ing for their posts; and also, that in the metropolitan city of al-Madinah there were subordinate judicial officers to relieve the head of the community in matters of the administration of justice.
· According to Islamic procedure, it is incumbent upon the judge to decide a case only upon the records of the court.
" The Prophet laid down an important rule of law and court pro• cedure: the burden of proof lies on the claimant, and the defendant who declines co admit the claim must deny simply on oath.