خلاصة:
Security is one of the most critical factors affecting the quality of urban spaces. Nowadays, most of these spaces have become merely pathways with neither social life nor sense of belonging to it. Insufficiency of public surveillance along with weak sense of control and surveillance results in spaces with high crime rate. In the late 60s and early 70s, high crime statistics in open urban spaces around America and Europe, forced many city planners to provide physical and cultural solutions for it. Sensitive environmental design can simultaneously prevent the occurrence of crime and increase the control and surveillance over the public spaces.The main purpose of this paper is to achieve the most critical factors enhancing safe urban spaces. The research method isdescriptive analysis and is done by comparative study on three outstanding theorists’ point of view toward the subject. Research findings identify that crime prevention is largely achieved through applying territoriality, surveillance and social interaction factors in environmental design.
ملخص الجهاز:
Using personal observation and anecdote, Jacobs suggested that residential crime could be reduced by orienting buildings toward the street, clearly distinguishing public and private domains and placing outdoor spaces in proximity to intensively used areas.
From her viewpoint crime occurrences in residential areas can be diminished through three considerations: building streets toward streets, clear demarcation between public and private places, and the last, but not the least, providing open spaces just adjacent to the active functions.
The four components of Newman’s study were: (Atlas, 2008, 57) Defining perceived zones of territorial influence Providing surveillance opportunities for residents and their guests Placing residential structures (public areas and entries) close to safe areas Designing sites and buildings so those occupants are not perceived and stigmatized as vulnerable Generally, from Newman’s viewpoint, physical design of environment can provide space safety through developing a sense of belonging and encouraging the residents to be responsible for their neighborhood and residence.
Jane Jacobs, accordingly, in her theory of "Eyes on Streets" provides definitions of public and private zones and boundaries between them, for improving territoriality and building structures towards the streets in order to increase control and watch; CPTED theory aims at development of certain spaces through environment design and increase of cohesion and social interaction in order to reduce crime capacity while Oscar Newman in his theory of the defensible space stresses on providing of space safety by means of developing and strengthening possession, belonging and responsibility in the residents which is achievable, as he asserts, through improving the structure of living spaces, access control and population presence in the public zones.