Abstract:
مر عصر الجیل الأول من الصحابة من دون أن یظهر فی المجتمع الاسلامی اختلاف فکری او عقدی ، ولکن ظهرت فی النصف الثانی من القرن الاول الهجری بعض الاراء التی دارت حول امور الغیب وعدالة الله فی تکلیف الانسان ومجازاته له او عقابه ، واشهر من تکلم فی تلک المدة قوم عرفوا تاریخیا باسم القدریة کان فی مقدمتهم معبد الجهنی وغیلان الدمشقی والجعد بن درهم وغیرهم ، وروی عن الاوزاعی قوله ان اول من تکلم فی القدر رجل نصرانی من اهل العراق اسمه سوسن ثم اسلم فاخذ عنه معبد الجهنی ثم اخذ غیلان عن معبد وقد انکر متاخرو الصحابة کعبد الله بن عمر وابن عباس وابو هریرة علیهم قولهم بالقدر ، وکانوا یوصون الناس بان یقاطعوا المتکلمین بالقدر ولایختلطوا بهم ، ولا یسلموا علیهم ، ولا یعودوهم اذا مرضوا ، بل وحرموا الصلاة علیهم اذا ماتوا ، وقد سئل الامام مالک عن القدریة فقال : ﴿وَلَعَبْدٌمُّؤْمِنٌخَیْرٌمّــــِن مُّشْرِکٍ ﴾ [سورة البقرة ، الایة 221 ] .
The research handles the biography and ideas of a man whose character was hotly debated by the Muslim Scholars and those who are specialized in studying religious sectes and dogmas . This man is Gaylan AL – Dimashqi who is also known in some sources by Gaylan AL – Qadari He was one of the early speakers of fate . It is said that he took it from Maabad AL – Juhani who in turn took it from a Christian man called Saosan . The latter was converted into Islam and strated talking about some of his old dogmas , connecting them with those of Islam .
Sources reported that Gaylan appeared in the reign of the caliph Omar - Ibin Abdul – Azez ( 99 – 101 A.H ) who invited Gaylan and made him repent in order not speak about fate . After the death of the caliph , Gaylan resumed his efforts to talk about such matters . In the time of Hisham Ibin Abdul – Malik ( 105 – 125 A.H ) . Gaylan was arrested and killed in 106 A.H after a debate took Place between Gaylan and AL - Imam Al – Awzai who won in this debate . The most important opinion of Gaylan is that man is not predestined in his behavior , but he has all freedom to be responsible befor Allah for his actions . Otherwise , it is a wrong doing that Allah judges man for actions he is forced to do .