Abstract:
گسترش چشمگیر مدلها و شبکههای ارتباطی؛ همچنین تنوّع نیازهای زیستی و فرهنگی باعث از بینرفتن مرزهای قراردادی رشتهها و علوم بهویژه علومانسانی شدهاست. امروزه باتوجه به افزایش مشکلات روانی و بالارفتن آمار خودکشی، بشر نیازمند روشهایی است، تا با استفاده از آن بتواند گنجایش روانی افراد را بالابِبرد. بنابراین برای کمک به نظریهسازی در رشتههایی چون رواندرمانی نیاز به بهرهمندی از علومی نظیر ادبیات هستیم؛ زیرا رواندرمانی مبتنی بر ادبیات بهعلت وجود آموزههای تعلیمی، اخلاقی و دینی، میتواند خدمات شایستهای به روان‌درمانگری کند. سعدی متفکّر بزرگی که بهخاطر بیان، حکمت اخلاقی و مشرب فلسفی خود شهرت جهانی پیداکردهاست، در آثار خود به بیان ارتباط و معنای واقعی عشقورزی پرداختهاست. در پژوهش حاضر با روشهای توصیفی-تحلیلی، مبتنی بر مطالعات میانرشتهای به بررسی عشق در افکار سعدی با رویکرد روان‌درمانگری اگزیستانسیال یالوم پرداختهشدهاست. هدف اصلی پژوهش پاسخ به این سؤال است که سعدی و یالوم چگونه به انسانها کمکمیکنند، تا از طریق عشق و ارتباط با دیگری، با تنهایی اگزیستانسیال خود در زندگی کنار بیایند یا خود را از آن برهانند؟ یافتههای پژوهش نشانمیدهد، باوجود تفاوت فرهنگی و بُعد زمانی-مکانی، هر دو اندیشمند با زبان و شیوهای تقریباً یکسان به بیان برقراری ارتباط با دیگری از طریق «عشق عاری از نیاز» پرداختهاند.
Abstract Significant expansion of communication models and networks; Also, the diversity of biological and cultural needs has caused the disappearance of the contractual boundaries of disciplines and sciences, especially the humanities. Today, due to the increase in psychological problems and rising suicide rates, human beings need methods to use it to increase the psychological capacity of people. Therefore, to help theorize in disciplines such as psychotherapy, we need to use sciences such as literature; because literature-based psychotherapy can provide good services to psychotherapy due to its educational, moral and religious teachings. Saadi, a great thinker who has become world famous for her expression, moral wisdom and philosophical wisdom, has expressed the true connection and meaning of love in her works. In the present study, with descriptive-analytical methods, based on interdisciplinary studies, love in Saadi's thoughts has been studied with the approach of Yalom Existential Psychotherapy. The main purpose of the research is to answer the question of how Saadi and Yalom help human beings, through love and communication with others, to cope with their existential loneliness in life or to free themselves from it. Findings show that despite the cultural differences and temporal-spatial dimension, both thinkers have expressed their relationship with each other through "needless love" in almost the same language and manner. Introduction Today, due to increasing problems, psychological crises (loneliness, fear from death and entering into romantic relationships) and rising suicide rates, human beings need a variety of methods that can be used to meet the psychological capacity of individuals. So that they can overcome their mental and psychological problems. Psychological theorists and thinkers offered different views and approaches in this regard; One of these approaches is "existential psychotherapy" which has a theoretical structure and a set of techniques arises from this structure that provides a framework for many components of treatment and instead of explaining a particular school or group, explains Gives a kind of attitude and approach to human beings. This approach is not a treatment system, but a view of treatment (May, 2014: 19) and focuses on concerns that are rooted in human existence. Because existential concerns are universal and all people struggle with, this approach can play a beneficial role in helping people and reducing pain not only for patients but for the whole of humanity (Yalom ,2011: 19-20). Yalom (1931, Washington) as a contemporary existential psychotherapist, seeks to help people deal with life issues such as loneliness, the Meaningfulness fear from death, and pain and suffer. For example, loneliness is the third existential concern in his psychotherapy versus communication; In his view, psychotherapy is a cycle that begins with loneliness and ends with a relationship. In other words, we are all looking for a source of love because of our loneliness so that we can fill the gap we feel inside. In fact, she considers love and communication as a healing medicine to eliminate the fear of loneliness and existential worries. Research MethodIn this research, descriptive-analytical methods based on interdisciplinary studies have been used from books, articles and researches about Saadi and Yalom and other written sources in this field. The area and society studied are Saadi's generalities and the works of Ervin Yalom translated by Sepide Habib. Discussion Man is always aware of alone himself and is in conflict with this feeling and tries to get rid of it; because part of "you" hates living apart and fears loneliness. So this part of "you" seeks healing. Hence, the thinkers sought to find a way to reduce and overcome the suffering of loneliness. Yalom, one of the contemporary psychotherapists, introduces communication as an antidote to loneliness, which he believes is the key to improving human interactions and communication with another; because negative situations with a lack of communication, such as chronic anger or depression, expose people to more diseases. That's why Yalom tries to teach its audience; Not only in the face of loneliness, but also in the face of the horrors of death, one can help individuals to clear their inner world of confusion and ambiguity by creating a framed, demarcated, yet intimate relationship. Relieve suffering. Saadi, considering her human condition, has experienced and understood loneliness and separation with all her being, and has reflected it in her works with expressive language. Sometimes one keeps the loneliness within oneself and copes with it, but sometimes the experience of terrifying existential loneliness and like any kind of nostalgia causes mental confusion and is no longer tolerable for the person and one is forced to. Unconsciously defend yourself against this loneliness. Saadi, when he finds himself trapped in loneliness, sinks into himself, loneliness becomes painful for him, he does not see in himself the ability to cope with loneliness, the world suddenly for him He becomes unfamiliar and alienated in this state, he finds himself alone, lost and in a vacuum, and the feeling of fear overwhelms him, so he seeks a way to get rid of loneliness. For this reason, he considers love and relationship with another as the cure for his loneliness, and with an expressive expression, he calls for another return to heal the fatigue and helplessness caused by running in the emptiness of loneliness. Saadi is a master of love secrets and a teacher of ethics. Her love is like a morality full of self-sacrifice, submission and altruism. The means that leads man to the perfection of humanity. In any case, Saadi considers love as a necessity for human beings and the sense of humanity to be the source of sacrifice and forgiveness, so like Yalom, a psychotherapist believes in love free from need and adult love. It comes from his poverty, from his growth, not from his need. Saadi does not love because he needs the existence of another, but he needs to be perfect and he needs to escape from loneliness. It expresses its love in the form of altruism, empathy, forgiveness and kindness to others. ConclusionThe result of the research shows that Saadi, like Yalom, is a psychotherapist who deals with psychotherapy in his works. Therefore, the audience (patients) involved in life and its problems can solve problems and confusions. Existentially refer to his works and by reflecting on his sayings and poems and applying these points in themselves to create a state that is useful for improving life and getting rid of loneliness and crises. Saadi's view of love and relationship is somewhat consistent with Yalom's existential psychotherapy. Saadi, like Yalom, claims that communication with another being or divine being is a way of meaningful life and reducing loneliness. He considers love to be forgetting oneself and being impossible and d Despite their cultural differences, both thinkers offer a temporal-spatial dimension, in almost the same language and manner, to their patients (audiences) that love creates a wave of forgiveness, kindness, and trust. Therefore, it is necessary to remain in the relationship of patience, self-sacrifice, perseverance and loyalty. In fact, with love free from the need That is, love with altruism, forgiveness, empathy and oneness with another can have a happy, dynamic and enjoyable life and live meaningfully. In their view, love is a spiritual movement towards understanding the highest hidden value of the beloved and achieving human perfection and spiritual upliftment. 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