جایگاه زبان و چاپ متون دینی فارسی در قرن نوزدهم شبه قاره هند خیزش اردو مقاله

‫ﭘﻴﺪاﻳﺶ ﻓﻨﺎوری ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﭼﺎپ دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺮدم ﺑﻪ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت و ﮔﺮدش ﺳﺮﻳﻊﺗـﺮ آن‬‬‬ ‫را اﻣﻜﺎنﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻛﺮد. ﻣﻌﻴﺎرﺳﺎزی زﺑﺎنﻫﺎی ﺑﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﺎﺳﺘﻪ از ﭼﺎپ اﻣﺮی ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘـﻪ ﺷـﺪه‬‬‬ ‫اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ آﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪی را ﻣﻴﺎن ﮔﺮوهﻫﺎی اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد. ﺗﺎ ﭘﻴﺶ از‬‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎل 7381 م/ 3521 ق، ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ زﺑﺎن رﺳﻤﻲ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ـ دﻳﻮاﻧﻲ، ﺑﺎزرﮔـﺎﻧﻲ، و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕـﻲ‬‬‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻪﻗﺎره ﺑﻮد و ﻧﺨﺒﮕﺎن ﻫﻨﺪو و ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎن از آن اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﻛﺮدﻧﺪ و ﻧﻴﺰ زﺑﺎن ﻧﻮﺷـﺘﺎری‬‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎن ﻫﻨﺪی ﺑﺮای ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ دﻳﻨﻲ ﺑﻮد. ﺑﻌﻀﻲ اﻓـﻮل ﻓﺎرﺳـﻲ و ﺧﻴـﺰش اردو را ﺑـﻪ‬‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎی زﺑﺎﻧﻲ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎری ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪ و ﺑﺮﺧﻲ دﻻﻳﻞ دﻳﮕﺮی را ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ دارﻧﺪ.‬‬‬ ‫ورود ﭼﺎپ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﮕﺎل و ﺳﭙﺲ ﻫﻨـﺪ )0781 م/ 7821 ق( و درک ﻗـﺪرت آن از‬‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮی ﻋﻠﻤﺎی ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎن ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﮔﺴﺘﺮده از ﭼﺎپ و ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﭼﺎپ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪوﻳﮋه در‬‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻤﺔ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﻨﺪ اﻧﺠﺎﻣﻴﺪ و ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺒﺎن ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮ، آن ﻫﺎ را ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ »زﺑﺎن ﻣﺮدم«‬‬‬ ‫)در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ اردو( ﺳﻮق داد. ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺳـﻌﻲ در ﻧﺸـﺎندادن اﻳـﻦ ﭼـﺮﺧﺶ زﺑـﺎﻧﻲ )از‬‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ اردو( در ﺑﺎﻓﺘﺎر ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﭼﻨﺪزﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻨﺪ‪ ‬ﻗـﺮن ﻧـﻮزدﻫﻢ دارد ﻛـﻪ درﻧﻬﺎﻳـﺖ،‬‬‬‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﻋﺎﻣﻞ دﻳﮕﺮی، ﺑﻪ ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه‪ ‬زﺑﺎن ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش زﺑﺎن اردو،‬‬‬‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ رﻓﺘﻪرﻓﺘﻪ ﺧﻮد را ﺑﻪﻣﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ دﻳﻨﻲ ـ زﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎن ﺷـﺒﻪ ﻗـﺎره ﺗﻘﻮﻳـﺖ‬‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻛﺮد، اﻧﺠﺎﻣﻴﺪ.‬‬

Emerging printing technology caused more access to information and its rapid flow between people. Researchers are trying to standardize local languages according to printing development. It caused new identity awareness among social groups. Before 1837، Persian was official، legal، commercial and cultural language in Indian subcontinent and was used by Muslim and Hindu elites. Furthermore، Indian Muslims used it for writing religious texts. While some historians assign falling of Persian and rising of Urdu to colonial language policies، some other are searching another reasons. It seems that although Persian power and prestige is related to Tiymurian political dominance، their falling doesn’t result in the end of Persian presence in India، because in the late 18th and 19th century، a new stage of Persian presence in India was begun. A long with emerging printing، understanding its power by Muslim religious scholars، first in Bengal and later in all over the subcontinent، resulted in huge use of it and founding printing houses، especially in the north part of India، first of all. The possibility of access to more addressees (that now، because of emerging printing، it is more easy) led them to “people’s language” (Urdu). The present paper tries to show this language shift (of Persian to Urdu) in the context of multilingual society of India in the 19th century. Finally this kind of language shit could weaken Persian status and strength Urdu which gradually was considered as a new linguistic and religious identity among the subcontinent Muslims

ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ او:‬‬‬ ‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻧﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی، ﺳﺎل اول، ﺷﻤﺎرة دوم، ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن 1931‬‬‬ ‫07 ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه زﺑﺎن و ﭼﺎپ ﻣﺘﻮن دﻳﻨﻲ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ در ﻗﺮن ﻧﻮزدﻫﻢ ... ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ، ﻣﻠﻔﻮﻇﺎت و ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﺷﺎه ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ، ﺗﺤﺖ‬‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻠﻔﻮﻇﺎت ﻋﺰﻳﺰی ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻌﻲ ﺑﺮای ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ او و دﻳﮕﺮ اروﭘﺎﻳﻴﺎن در دﻫﻠﻲ ﺑﻮد ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ‬‬‬ ‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻧﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی، ﺳﺎل اول، ﺷﻤﺎرة دوم، ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن 1931‬‬‬ ‫27 ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه زﺑﺎن و ﭼﺎپ ﻣﺘﻮن دﻳﻨﻲ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ در ﻗﺮن ﻧﻮزدﻫﻢ ... ‬‬‬ ‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻧﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی، ﺳﺎل اول، ﺷﻤﺎرة دوم، ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن 1931‬‬‬ ‫47 ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه زﺑﺎن و ﭼﺎپ ﻣﺘﻮن دﻳﻨﻲ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ در ﻗﺮن ﻧﻮزدﻫﻢ ... آن ﺟﻮاﺑﻴﻪای اﺳﺖ )ﺑﻪ ﺷﻌﺮ اردو( ﺑﻪ ﻛﺘﺎب ﻓﺎرﺳـﻲ‬‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻔﺔاﻟﺴﻼم، ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺔ ﻳﻚ ﻫﻨﺪو، ﺑﺎ دﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺎنﻃﻮر ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﺪ، ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺑﺮای‬‬‬ ‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻧﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی، ﺳﺎل اول، ﺷﻤﺎرة دوم، ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن 1931‬‬‬ ‫08 ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه زﺑﺎن و ﭼﺎپ ﻣﺘﻮن دﻳﻨﻲ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ در ﻗﺮن ﻧﻮزدﻫﻢ ... ‬‬‬ ‫دﻳﮕﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﺎی ﺷﻴﻌﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ در اﻳﻦ ﺟﺪل ﻗﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺖ داﺷﺘﻨﺪ؛ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ، ﻣﻔﺘﻲ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻗﻠﻲ ﺧﺎن‬‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﻮری ﻛﺘﺎب ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺐاﻟﻤﻜﺎﺋﺪ را در ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎب دوم ﺗﺤﻔـﺔ اﺛﻨـﻲﻋﺸـﺮﻳﻪ و در دﻓـﺎع از ﻋﻘﺎﻳـﺪ‬‬‬ ‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻧﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی، ﺳﺎل اول، ﺷﻤﺎرة دوم، ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن 1931‬‬‬ ‫28 ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه زﺑﺎن و ﭼﺎپ ﻣﺘﻮن دﻳﻨﻲ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ در ﻗﺮن ﻧﻮزدﻫﻢ ... (Rahman‬‬‬‬‬‬ ‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻧﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی، ﺳﺎل اول، ﺷﻤﺎرة دوم، ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن 1931‬‬‬ ‫48 ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه زﺑﺎن و ﭼﺎپ ﻣﺘﻮن دﻳﻨﻲ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ در ﻗﺮن ﻧﻮزدﻫﻢ ... Kempson’s ‘Report on‬‬‬‬‬‬ ‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻧﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی، ﺳﺎل اول، ﺷﻤﺎرة دوم، ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن 1931‬‬‬ ‫68 ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه زﺑﺎن و ﭼﺎپ ﻣﺘﻮن دﻳﻨﻲ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ در ﻗﺮن ﻧﻮزدﻫﻢ ...