چکیده:
Using panel data method, this study examines the effects of different dimensions of social capital on innovation at the societal level across 21 countries (19 Asian countries plus Russia and Egypt) from 1995 to 2011. Dimensions of social capital that have been considered in this study include generalized trust, trust toward friends, institutional trust, civic participation, and norms of civic behavior. We use Fully Modified OLS (FMOLS) method to estimate the model. Our empirical findings suggest that in Asian countries some aspects of social capital such as trust toward friends, generalized trust and norms of civic behavior have a positive and significant effect on innovation. But civic participation and institutional trust have no significant impact on innovation. Moreover, we find that human capital and R & D expenditure have a positive effect on innovation in these countries.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Our empirical findings suggest that in Asian countries some aspects of social capital such as trust toward friends, generalized trust and norms of civic behavior have a positive and significant effect on innovation.
Among these indicators, generalized trust is the most important indicator of social capital and its major impact on the economic performance and development of countries has been confirmed in many studies.
As was mentioned earlier positive effects of R & D expenditure (investment in research and development) and human capital on innovation have been confirmed in several studies.
Also according to Kassa (2009) important indicators of social capital such as civic participation, general trust and institutional trust have a significant positive impact on innovation.
Table 4: Results of Estimation of the Model VARIABLES Social capital indicator Generalized trust Civic participation Putnam Index R & D expenditure 1.
990947 VARIABLES Social capital indicator Generalized trust Civic participation Putnam Index R & D expenditure 1.
The regression results confirm the positive and significant impact of some indicators of social capital such as generalized trust, trust toward friends and norms of civic behavior on innovation and this result approved the theory of Guiso et al.
Altogether we can say that in Asian countries, important indexes of social capital (generalized trust, trust toward friends and norms of civic behavior), human capital and R & D expenditure have a positive impact on innovation.
Innovation is an essential determinant to the economic growth and development, which can be achieved only by those countries with a high level of human and social capital.