چکیده:
There is a crisis in multilateralism. No major new binding rules relating to international commerce have come into force in more than 20 years. Demands by some nations for rules in new areas are not being met. The negotiations in the WTO of trade rules and the negotiations under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change to devise rules restricting the annual emissions of greenhouse gases have not been concluded. The US-led unipolar structure of the world economy has ended. The world is now multipolar. The biggest change in relative economic size is the emergence of a large and rapidly growing Chinese economy. Equally important, the US-led intellectual consensus, known as the Washington Consensus, that inspired post-Second World War multilateralism has ended. In the absence of a common or shared vision of the gains from binding multilateral rules for the world economy, multilateralism is stagnating.
خلاصه ماشینی:
"Section III outlines the scope of two current efforts to devise new multilateral rules binding all nations; the negotiations in the WTO of trade rules and the negotiations under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change to devise rules restricting the annual emissions of greenhouse gases.
The next Section outlines the scope of two ongoing but so far unsuccessful efforts to devise new multilateral rules binding all nations; the negotiations in the WTO of trade rules and the negotiations under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change to devise rules restricting the annual emissions of greenhouse gases.
The equitable treatment of lower income countries is a deep problem, partly related to arguments concerning Developed Countries responsibility for the historical accumulation of the stock of GHGs in the atmosphere, partly on the moral stance that all people in the world have an equal right to the global commons, and partly to issues of poverty and the need for sustained economic growth in poorer countries (see, for example, Joshi, 2008).
In a multipolar world, China and the US must find common ground if there is to be progress in the multilateral negotiations relating to trade, climate change the international financial system and other areas.
The Washington Consensus, which guided the development of the multilateral organization in the post-Second World War period, collapsed at the end of the last century and the Global Financial Crisis weakened further the faith of Western countries in the liberal tradition of economics."