چکیده:
افصح‌المتکلمین، سعدی شیرازی، از بزرگ‌ترین ارکان ادب پارسی است. بخشی از صیت و شهرت سعدی در گرو سعدینامه یا همان بوستان است که از مثنویهای اخلاقی برجسته و باارزش حوزۀ زبان و ادب پارسی است. این کتاب بیمانند،زبان سخته و پیراستهای دارد که نظر هر مخاطبی را به خود جلب میکند. این میزان از شایستگی در گرو ِشگردهای هنری و زبانی فراوانی است که شیخ اجل بهکار بسته است. از ویژگیهای دستوری آن، استفادۀ گسترده از جمله های مرکب است. در جملههای مرکب، به جای نقشهای دستوری مفرد، جملۀ پیرو به کار میرود. جملههای پیرو از لحاظ معنا از مفردات غنی‌ترند؛ زیرا وجود فعل در آنها موجب انتقال مفهوم، وجه، زمان و شخص به مخاطب میشود که افزونی توصیفگری و تحرک و پویایی کلام را در پی دارد. در این پژوهش که کاملاً جنبۀ آماری دارد، 1100 بیت از بوستان را به عنوان جامعۀ آماری از متن برگزیده و از دیدگاه «کارکردهای جملههای مرکب» بررسی کرده‌ایم. مبانی نظری و تعاریف اصطلاحات را از دستور زبان فارسی، تألیف دکتر حسن انوری و دکتر حسن احمدی گیوی، برگرفته‌ایم. بر اساس مهم‌ترین نتایج به‌دست‌آمده، در بوستان کاربرد جملههای مرکب به مراتب بیشاز جملههای ساده است؛از میان آنها، جملههایی که از پایه و یک پیرو ساخته شدهاند، بسامد بیشتری دارند که معمولاً هر کدام در یک مصراع بهکار میروند؛ در بیشتر جملههای مرکب، پایه بر پیرو مقدم شده است؛ جمله های پیرو بیشتر در نقش غیراصلی به کار رفته است.
Saadi not only changed the structure of the words but also he changed the structure of the sentences and he made the poems understandable for the public. (He linked the poem to the language of the public. From the point of the structure of the sentences Boustan is unique among Saadi’s Poems. The most important reason of Saadi’s fluency and his attractive speech is in the order of the words. There is no way to understand the beauty of Saadi’s speech except scientific studying of his poems. The writers tried to study Boustan from the point of compound sentences and decided to know the way of the usage of the compound sentences in Boustan. You can answer this question by scientific study and using the numbers and statics. One fourth of boustan poems – 1000 verses were chosen and we studied them to know how the compound sentences are used and we presented the results in the form of numbers and statistic.
Persian Grammar written by Dr. Anvari was selected to see the different samples of compound sentences and matching Boustan poems with them. Then according to comparative and percentage graphs، we studied the data obtained from the tables and graphs. Saadi has used the compound sentences more than the simple sentences. These kinds of sentences have been used a lot and variously that we can say it’s a feature of Saudis’ style. The verses made of just a compound sentence were used more than other kinds. And it can be considered as Boustan feature. There are 655 verses that were composed just of a compound sentence. In other words 60 percent of Boustan verses include a compound sentence. Compound sentences include two parts، a base and a follower or more. In this study، the compound sentences were divided in to three groups: a compound sentence with a follower، two or three. A compound sentences made of a base and a follower are more than ones with two followers or three. The verses including a base sentence followed by a follower sentence are more than ones including a follower sentence followed by a base one. Among the 550 verses made of a base and a follower، in 342 verses، a follower sentence was followed by a base one.
The above mentioned number is 62/2 percent. In 208 verses (37/8 percent) a base sentence was followed by a follower. In order to answer this question that why Saadi has used this sample (base+ follower) a lot، we studied its rate in each chapter and it was concluded that introduction which involves general issues ، prays and admiration ،this sample(follower +base) has been used more. But in all of the chapters the number of verses including this sample (base + follower) is more and this difference is meaningful. Totally the number of verses including this sample (base + follower) is more than ones including this sample (follower +base). Perhaps its most important reason is because of the different mental effects of these two kinds of sentences. The interesting point of compound sentences including a follower، indicates that each of the base or follower sentence is in a hemistich. This sentence (base or follower) starts and ends in the same hemistich. It seems that Saadi tends to use a hemistich rather than a verse to convey his meaning.
Verses including base and follower sentences، the rate of base or follower sentences which starts and ends in different hemistiches is extremely low. Some of the compound sentences have more than one follower. There are 95 verses in the studied ones that have two followers. In these sentences Saadi tends to use base followed by a follower. There were 9 (1 percent) compound sentences with three followers in the studied verses. Some of Boustan verses include 2 compound sentences using two compound sentences in a verse using at least four sentences (2 base sentences and 2 follower sentences). One of the most significant feature of Saadi’s speech is using four sentences in a verse made of eleven syllables.
Because of the variety of phrases and verbs، changing the parts may lead to the poem ambiguity. That’s way Saadi separates the verses so and not to be any links between two of them. He divides ever verse into two parts and puts a phrase in each part. No interference can be seen between the parts of the base and follower sentences in the verses made of two compound sentences. In this way، the base and follower sentences combine independently. The verb isn't usually omitted in these kinds of verses. Follower sentence is considered as a role of base sentence. Follower sentences have been used as adjectives or adverbs and they haven't been used as subjects or objects. And the number of follower sentences which has been used as the main role of base sentences is less. In other words Saadi firstly concentrates on the main part of the sentence and finishes it. And then mentions the non important parts in a form of follower sentence.
خلاصه ماشینی:
بر اساس مهم ترین نتایج به دست آمده ، در بوستان کاربرد جملـه هـای مرکـب بـه مراتـب بـیش از جمله های ساده است ؛از میان آنها، جمله هایی که از پایه و یک پیرو ساخته شده اند، بسامد بیشتری دارند کـه معمـولا هـر کـدام در یک مصراع به کار میروند؛ در بیشتر جمله های مرکب ، پایه بر پیرو مقدم شده است ؛ جمله های پیرو بیشتر در نقش غیراصلی به کار رفته است .
افزون بر این پرسش اصلی، پرسش های دیگری نیز به ذهن متبادر شد؛ همچون : - نسبت کاربرد جمله های مرکب به جمله های ساده در بوستان چگونه است ؟ - جمله های پیرو در بوستان چگونه به کار رفته اند؟ - در جمله های مرکب بوستان ، پیرو بیش تر مقدم شده است یا پایه ؟ - جمله های پیرو، بیشتر در کدام نقش نحوی جملۀ پایه آمده اند؟ - نحوة کاربرد جمله های مرکب و ساده در کنار هم در یک بیت ، چگونه است ؟ - آیا کاربرد جمله های مرکب و ساده در مقدمه با بخش های دیگر بوستان یکسان است ؟ برای پاسخ به این پرسش ها، راهی جز بررسی موشکافانه و جزئینگرانه و کمک گرفتن از آمار و ارقـام نیسـت .
٢-٣- جملۀ مرکب و جملۀ هم پایه در یک بیت در کتاب دستور زبان فارسی انوری-گیوی که مبانی نظری این پژوهش از آن گرفته شده است ، اشاره ای به جملـه هـای مرکـب هم پایه نشده بود؛ اما با توجه به کاربرد این گونه جمله ها در کنار جمله های مرکب در بوستان ، به آثار دیگر دستورنویسان فرهیختـه مراجعه شد.
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