چکیده:
Limitations of urban constructions in the form of rules and regulations with the aim of controlling city physicaldevelopment is the product of city development plans and documents. Actually, construction rules and regulationsin a metropolis like Tehran is the tool of performing urban evelopment plans and development process in shorttermurban projects and long-term development plans is controlled by means of these rules and regulations.Therefore, how these rules and regulations are performed is a decisive factor in achieving goals and prospects of
urban development plans. Quantity and quality of construction regulations in Tehran from the first comprehensiveplan approved in 1970 to the strategic-structural plan in 2007 was changed along with the evolution of generalurban developments and special development policies in Tehran. Also, necessity of updating rules and regulationsof urban development is considered according to lack of full performance or low performance of many of the rulesand regulations of previous plans. A major part of challenges about non-implementation of these regulations canbe studied in the form of anomalies of constructional violations. This research analyzes and evaluates the wayof performing these regulations and status of constructional violations with the goal of analyzing challenges of
performing rules and regulations of urban development in Tehran metropolis using descriptive-analytical method.Hence, four time intervals: the interval between performing regulations of first comprehensive plan of Tehran andfinancial self-sufficiency of municipal, the interval between implementing density sales policy and modifyingregulations of Tehran, the interval between performing Amendment of planning regulations of Tehran andannouncing the rules of detailed and comprehensive plan of Tehran and after that are evaluated. Also, causes ofcreation of constructional violations and their consequences in the failure of urban development plans were analyzedand the results demonstrate that the factors such as physical field and limitations and natural tendencies of urbandevelopment, underlying society and economy of city, defects of construction rules and regulations and inefficienturban management system are the most important causes of constructional violations in Tehran metropolis.
محدودیتهای ساخت و ساز شهری در قالب ضوابط و مقررات با هدف کنترل توسعه کالبدی شهر، محصول طرحها و اسناد توسعه شهر محسوب میشوند. در واقع مقررات و ضوابط ساخت و ساز در کلانشهری همچون تهران، ابزار اجرای طرحهای توسعه شهری بوده و فرایند توسعه در پروژههای شهری کوتاه مدت و برنامه بلندمدت توسعه از طریق این قوانین و ضوابط هدایت میشود. لذا نحوه اجرای این ضوابط و مقررات عامل تعیین کنندهای در تحقق اهداف و چشماندازهای طرحهای توسعه شهری است. کمیت و کیفیت ضوابط ساخت و ساز در شهر تهران از نخستین طرح جامع مصوب 1349 تا طرح راهبردی- ساختاری 1386 به موازات تحول رویکردهای عمومی توسعه شهری و سیاستهای خاص توسعه در شهر تهران، تغییر یافته است. همچنین ضرورت به روز رسانی ضوابط و مقررات ساخت و ساز شهری با توجه به عدم اجرای کامل یا پایین بودن قابلیت اجرایی بسیاری از ضوابط و مقررات طرحهای پیشین مطرح میشود. بخش عمدهای از چالش عدم اجرای این ضوابط را میتوان در قالب ناهنجاری تخلفات ساختمانی مطالعه کرد. این پژوهش از طریق روش توصیفی- تحلیلی با هدف بررسی چالشهای اجرای ضوابط و مقررات توسعه شهری در کلانشهر تهران، به ارزیابی و تحلیل چگونگی اجرای این ضوابط و وضعیت تخلفات ساختمانی پرداخته است. از این رو چهار بازه زمانی : از زمان اجرای ضوابط طرح جامع اول تهران تا خودکفایی مالی شهرداری، از زمان اجرای سیاست فروش تراکم تا اصلاح ضوابط شهر تهران، از اجرای اصلاحیه ضوابط برنامه.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Also, Huchzermeyer (2004), Zegarac (1999) and Few et al (2004) are defining the changes of social and economical requirements of citizens, creation of new group with special and different requirements (through immigration and new generation) and failing to response to the goals, requirements and demands of this group by means of urban standards and development plans, unbalanced policies of urban land improvements, inadequate housing conditions and failing to resolve housing crisis, unbalanced development of the city and unfair distribution of wealth in the city as the causes of creating constructional violations and constructing illegal buildings.
The most important changes in planning rules and regulations of Tehran are as follows: according to comprehensive plan approved in 1970, standards of density, employment level and land usages were announced for different city areas.
In this period, by announcing the rules of density, employment level and land usage for different areas of the city according to first detailed and comprehensive plan of Tehran approved in 1970, these rules were considered the basis of development controlling in Tehran and violation of mentioned standards were considered in commission of the article 100 in municipal.
the national independence of municipals (1989) and communication of Supreme Council for Planning and Architecture act about regulations of increasing density and high-rise buildings (1990) and propagating construction activities under the effect of establishing relative stability in the country and changing the Manager of Tehran, a new chapter was opened in the field of construction controlling.