چکیده:
One important question that the emergence of philosophical or rational Kalam has raised is what rationalism in the so-called Kalami (theological) schools actually means. This paper investigates the answers to the aforementioned question in Shi’a Kalam. Also, we have a comparative look at the philosophical Kalam and the rational one, concluding the identity of Shi’a Kalam with Shi’a philosophy. In this work, we have referred to three types of rationalism: personal, Vahmi (imaginal), and Hikmi (philosophical) rationalism. In short, our answer to the above question would be that, Shi’a Kalam – specially in Khaje Nasir’s works – is based on Hikmah (philosophy), and so, rationalism in this school does not refer but to this approach. This type of rationalism is in contrast to the personal or Vahmi rationalism. As a matter of fact, Those Mutakalims (theologians), who use Hikmi rationalism, don’t try to criticize philosophy or elicit from it; they just try to employ the principles, foundations, and results of Hikmah to explain, justify, and defend their religious beliefs.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Philosophical Rationalism in Shia Kalam* Seyyed Mohammad Ali Dibaji** Associate professor, university of Tehran Abstract One important question that the emergence of philosophical or rational Kalam has raised is what rationalism in the so-called Kalami (theological) schools actually means.
In short, our answer to the above question would be that, Shi’a Kalam – specially in Khaje Nasir’s works – is based on Hikmah (philosophy), and so, rationalism in this school does not refer but to this approach.
As a matter of fact, Those Mutakalims (theologians), who use Hikmi rationalism, don’t try to criticize philosophy or elicit from it; they just try to employ the principles, foundations, and results of Hikmah to explain, justify, and defend their religious beliefs.
Mu’tazili rationalism and their extreme usage of philosophy were so high that, Mamu’n, the Abbasid Caliphate, who was affected by Mu’tazili teachings, supported them, publicized their ideas and having thought of himself as a thinker of this school, entered religious discussions and even had dreams about concerning the mentioned issues.
However, those philosophers, specially Muslim ones, who appeared after the first Mu’tazila and in the third century, defined rationality differently and by no means would consider one’s personal idea the same as the view of reason.
Personal Understanding and Vahmi Perception in Kalam From the time, When Abu al-Hasan al-Ashari withdrew himself from the Mu’tazili school (300AH) and declared his understanding from Islamic doctrines, it happened to appear a new type of religion understanding, which was developed later on by great scholars of Asha’ira.