چکیده:
This paper is meant to be a contribution to the discussion about the social and economic aspects of Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre, both published in 1847. They are examined together on the grounds that they actually complement each other and can best be understood in relation to
each other, especially in terms of the overall message they impart. The motivation for writing this paper is that most of the criticism written about the two novels, both in the past and the present, usually highlights the rebellious and sometimes ‗revolutionary‘ nature of their protagonists,
Heathcliff and Jane, and of their overall project. It is an attempt to further qualify statements made by literary critics, such as Arlene Young, asserting that the Brontë‘s ―attempt to create protagonists … who rebel against accepted social norms.
ﻟطﺎﻟﻤــﺎ ﻟﻘﯿــت رواﯿﺘــﺎ "ﻤرﺘﻔﻌــﺎت وذرﯿﻨــﻎ" ﻹﯿﻤﯿﻠــﻲ ﺒروﻨﺘــﻲ و"ﺠــﯿن إﯿــر" ﻟﺸــﻘﯿﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﺸــﺎرﻟوت ﺒروﻨﺘــﻲ اﻹطــراء ﻤـــن ﻗﺒــل ﺒﻌــض اﻟﻨﻘـــﺎد واﻟﺘﻌــرﯿض ﻤـــن ﻗﺒــل ﺒﻌﻀــﻬم اﻵﺨـــر ﺒﺴــﺒب ﻨزﻋـــﺔ اﻟﺘﻤرد اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴم اﻟﺸﺨﺼﯿﺔ اﻟرﺌﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ: ﻫﯿﺜﻛﻠﯿف ﻓﻲ "ﻤرﺘﻔﻌـﺎت وذرﯿﻨـﻎ" وﺠـﯿن ﻓــﻲ "ﺠــﯿن إﯿــر". ﻛﻤــﺎ ﯿﺴــود اﻋﺘﻘــﺎد ﺒــﺄن اﻟــرواﯿﺘﯿن ﺘﺘﻀــﻤﻨﺎن ﻨﻘــدا ﻟﻠﻤؤﺴﺴــﺎت اﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿــﺔ، واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯿﺔ واﻟدﯿﻨﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺼر اﻟﻔﯿﻛﺘوری ﻓﻲ ﺒرﯿطﺎﻨﯿﺎ. ﯿــﺘم ﺘﻨــﺎول اﻟــرواﯿﺘﯿن ﻤﻌــﺎ ﻫﻨــﺎ ﻋﻠــﻰ أﺴــﺎس أﻨﻬﻤــﺎ ﺘﻛﻤــﻼن ﺒﻌﻀــﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﻀــﺎ، وأن أﻓﻀــل طرﯿﻘـــﺔ ﻟﻔﻬﻤﻬﻤـــﺎ ﻫـــﻲ دراﺴـــﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼـــر اﻟﺘـــﻲ ﺘـــرﺒط ﺒﯿﻨﻬﻤـــﺎ، ﺨﺼوﺼـــﺎ ﻤـــن ﺤﯿـــث اﻟرﺴـــﺎﻟﺔ اﻹﺠﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘوﺼﻼﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺎرئ. ﺤﺎول ﻫذا اﻟﺒﺤـث اﻟـرد ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺤﻛـم اﻟﻨﺎﻗـد اﻹﻨﻛﻠﯿـزی ﺘﯿـری إﯿﻐﻠﺘون، اﻟـذی ﯿـری أن اﻟﻛـﺎﺘﺒﺘﯿن ﻛﺎﻨﺘـﺎ "ﻤﺘﻤـردﺘﯿن ورﺠﻌﯿﺘـﯿن ﻓـﻲ اﻵن ذاﺘـﻪ". وﯿﺠـد اﻟﺒﺤـث أﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻨﺘﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟواﻗﻊ أﻛﺜر رﺠﻌﯿﺔ ﻤﻤﱠ ﺎ ﻛﺎن ﯿﻌﺘﻘد. ﻗــــﺎم ﻫــــذا اﻟﺒﺤــــث ﻋﻠــــﻰ اﻓﺘــــراض أن اﻟــــرواﯿﺘﯿن ﺸــــﻛﻠﺘﺎ إﺴــــﻬﺎﻤﺎ ﻤﻬﻤــــﺎ ﻓــــﻲ اﺴــــﺘراﺘﯿﺠﯿﺔ اﻻﺤﺘــواء اﻻﺠﺘﻤــﺎﻋﻲ‘ اﻟﺘــﻲ ﻤﺎرﺴــﺘﻬﺎ اﻟطﺒﻘــﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﯿــﺎ ﻓــﻲ ﺒرﯿطﺎﻨﯿــﺎ ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻌﺼــر اﻟﻔﯿﻛﺘــوری
ﺒﻬــدف اﺴــﺘﻤﺎﻟﺔ أﻓــراد اﻟطﺒﻘــﺔ اﻟوﺴــطﻰ اﻟﺼــﺎﻋدة واﺴــﺘﯿﻌﺎﺒﻬم، طﺒﻘــﺎ ﻟﻠﺸــروط اﻟﺘــﻲ ﺘﻀــﻌﻬﺎ اﻟطﺒﻘــــــﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﯿــــــﺎ، واﻟــــــﺘﺨﻠص ﻤــــــن اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼــــــر اﻟﺘــــــﻲ ﻟــــــم ﯿﻛــــــن ﺒوﺴــــــﻌﻬﺎ اﻻﺴــــــﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻠــــــک الأﺴﺘراﺘﯿﺠﯿﺔ، أو رﻓﻀت اﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ.