چکیده:
The I‘jāz (miraculousness) thought has witnessed some stages before the fourth century AH when it achieved its pinnacle. At the first stage in the first and second centuries AH, the men of letters and orators indicated their inability to rival the Qur’ān, and the scholars and interpreters disregarded the issues tied to miraculousness without much effort and did not discuss it. At the later stage, the theological contention among various religions and within Islamic denominations posed some challenges against the Qur’ān as the evidence for the prophethood of Prophet Muḥammad (s) and Islam, and led to an emphasis on the miraculousness discussions. The efforts of scholars such as Naẓām, ‘Alī b. Rabban Ṭabarī, Jāḥiẓ, Ibn Qutayba, and Wāsiṭī about I‘jāz represent some of the concerns which existed at that time.
خلاصه ماشینی:
At the first stage in the first and second centuries AH, the men of letters and orators indicated their inability to rival the Qur’ān, and the scholars and interpreters disregarded the issues tied to miraculousness without much effort and did not discuss it.
Of course, it is clear that such a move has existed before him and as we will discuss later, one of the first people who has authored a work in this regard is the famous man of letters and theologian, Jāḥiẓ The backgrounds of the appearance of the miraculousness discussions The existing sources and references clearly indicate that serious discussions on theological and doctrinal issues and the exploration of the divine words were not widespread in the first and second centuries AH.
According to him, Naẓām believed that, “The miraculousness of the Qur’ān is in its reports on the invisible world and if God has not blocked and made unable the people, it was possible for them to author and coherently order [a book like] the Qur’ān” (Ash‘arī, 1980, vol.
However, in his book Al-Dīn wa al-dawla, which Ibn Rabban has written to prove the prophethood of Prophet Muḥammad (s), there are some references to the miraculousness of the Qur’ān.
It is after this time that the main and essential works about the miraculousness of the Qur’ān come into existence by great scholars such as Rummānī, Khaṭābī, Bāqilānī, Qāḍī ‘Abd al-Jabbār Hamidānī, and ‘Abd al- Qāhir Jurjānī; this way, I‘jāz science appears as a separate branch of knowledge with specialized books.