چکیده:
یکی از مباحث مهم در ارتباط با سکونتگاههای روستایی مقولة پایداری اجتماعی- اقتصادی است. این دو معیار، بهعلت توجه بیشتر به مؤلفههای پایداری محیطی، تا حد زیادی در سایه و سیطرة آن قرار گرفته و کمتر بهطور مستقل بررسی شدهاند. ازاینرو،نگارندگان در پژوهش حاضر کوشیدهاند معیارهای مؤثر بر پایداری اجتماعی و اقتصادی در مناطق روستایی را ارزیابی و رتبهبندی کنند. بررسیهای انجامگرفته بیانگر آن است که تاکنون تحقیق جامع و کاملی در این حوزه انجام نگرفته و فقطبه گردآوری معیارها و رتبهبندی روستاها اکتفا شده است. این در حالی است که بدون توجه به میزان اهمیت و تأثیر آن بر پایداری امکان رسیدن به نتیجة مطلوب فراهم نخواهد شد. بنابراین، در تحقیق حاضر با بهرهگیری از طراحی ساختار سلسلهمراتبی به تحلیل و رتبهبندی معیارها از نظر میزان اهمیت پرداخته شده است. بر این اساس، با مرور منابع علمی معتبر داخلی و خارجی و همچنین مصاحبه با کارشناسان سازمان بنیاد مسکن انقلاب اسلامی، این معیارها شناسایی و دستهبندی شد. به این ترتیب، ده زیرمعیار امنیت، ایمنی، آموزش، مشارکت، جمعیت، بهداشت، فراغت، مسئولیتپذیری، رضایت از خدمات، و تعلق مکانی بهعنوان زیرمعیارهای پایداری اجتماعی و ده زیرمعیار نرخ بیکاری، بیمة کشاورزی، دسترسی به بازار، نوسان قیمت، بار تکفل، مکانیزاسیون، میانگین درآمد، سرانة دامی، تنوع اقتصادی، و سرمایهگذاری نیز برای پایداری اقتصادی در مناطق روستایی ایران شناسایی شد. در ادامه و براساس آرای متخصصان و کارشناسان توسعه و برنامهریزی روستایی مشخص شد که میزان تأثیر معیارهای اجتماعی و اقتصادی بر پایداری سکونتگاههای روستایی تقریباً یکسان است و تفاوت چندانی در میزان اهمیت آنها وجود ندارد. از طرفی دیگر، زیرمعیارهای آموزش و نرخ بیکاری بهترتیب مؤثرترین زیرمعیارهای پایداری اجتماعی و پایداری اقتصادی در سکونتگاههای روستایی کشورند.
Identification of Effective Criteria on Social and Economic Sustainability in Rural Areas of Iran*Vahid Bigdeli Rad – Assistant Professor of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran*Corresponding Author’s Email: Vahid.Bigdeli@qiau.ac.ir09392005434Shahram Maleki – PhD Student of Urban and Regional Planning, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, International Campus, Tabriz, IranEmail: Malekii.Shahram@gmail.com09123810902Extended AbstractIntroductionRural settlements in Iran, which are officially reported to have regional inequalities and settlements, are today experiencing a number of problems, such as the decline of the rural economy, massive displacement and migrations, widespread poverty and unemployment, food insecurity, and being the most of the rural population in the margin (Ashrafi et al., 2015, 51). Hence, these problems point to the necessity and priority of attention to social and economic stability in sustainable rural development planning (Karimi and Ahmadvand, 2015, 685). In order to achieve this goal, recognizing the instability and the level of social and economic stability of rural settlements is necessary first and foremost (Tavakoli et al., 2015, 231).MethodologyInformation analysis method in this research is based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). AHP is one of the most well-known multi-criteria decision-making techniques that was invented by Thomas L. Saaty in the 1970s. This approach can be useful when decision-making practice has several options and decision-making indicators. Indices can be quantitative or qualitative (Azizi and Khalili, 2010, 33). The basis of this method lies in the pairwise comparisons (Delbari and Davoudi, 2013, 62-63). To apply the Analytic Hierarchy Process in solving the evaluation problem, there are five basic stages: (1) the formation of a hierarchy, (2) the determination of the importance coefficient of the criteria and sub-criteria, (3) the determination of the importance coefficient of options, (4) the determination of the final score (options priority), (5) the examination of adaptation in judgments (Azizi and Khalili, 2010, 33).Results and DiscussionIndicators were identified and categorized to evaluate the impact of social and economic sustainability. These indicators were collected based on the opinion of rural development and planning experts in Iran.Accordingly, 10 sub-criteria including security, safety, education, social involvement, population, health, leisure, social responsibility, service satisfaction and place belonging as a measure of the impact of social sustainability, and 10 sub-criteria including unemployment rate, agricultural insurance, market access, fluctuations in prices, dependency ratio, mechanization, average income, per capita livestock, economic diversification and investment for economic sustainability in rural areas of Iran were also identified. Then, a questionnaire was designed based on the collected criteria. Then, 20 questionnaires were collected by the opinion of specialists and experts in rural development and planning.In the first step, the relative weight of the criteria is calculated. Different methods are used to calculate the relative weight. In this study, the geometric mean method was used.After performing geometric mean, the weight of each of the criteria and sub-criteria is normalized and the impact of each one will be determined based on the final weight. Accordingly, the economic and social sustainability criteria were calculated with normalized weight of 0.515 and weight 0.485 respectively.In connection with the importance of each of the social and economic sub-criteria, it is clear that training sub-criterion is ranked first in the importance of social criteria and has the greatest impact on the social sustainability of rural areas. Leisure sub-criterion has the least impact on this ranking. Moreover, in the economic indicators section, the unemployment rate was ranked first. The sub-criterion per capita livestock in this ranking also has the least impact on the economic sustainability of rural settlements. The overall ranking of social and economic criteria is shown in below Table.Table: The Importance of Social and Economic Sustainability Sub-Criteria in Rural Areas of IranRanking Social Sustainability Sub-Criteria Economic Sustainability Sub-Criteria1 Education Unemployment Rate2 Service Satisfaction Average Income3 Place Belonging Agricultural Insurance4 Security Market Access5 Safety Economic Diversification6 Health Investment7 Population Fluctuations in Prices8 Social Involvement Dependency Ratio9 Responsibility Mechanization10 Leisure Per Capita LivestockConclusionConsidering that the rural areas in Iran, according to the statistics of official centers and scientific studies on it, always have many social and economic problems, so this research seeks to identify and evaluate the impact of each of the components of social and economic sustainability. These two criteria have been largely been overshadowed by environmental sustainability components and have been less considered independently. These two dimensions play an essential role in the instability of rural settlements in the country. Therefore, this research sought to assess and measure the impact of social and economic sustainability by some criteria. Accordingly, these criteria were identified by reviewing the authentic internal and external sources and the hierarchical analysis method. In this way, 10 indicators of security, safety, education, social involvement, population, health, leisure, social responsibility, service satisfaction and place belonging are considered as components of social sustainability and 10 indicators of unemployment rate, agricultural insurance, market access, fluctuations in prices, dependency ratio, mechanization, average income, per capita livestock, economic diversification and investment are considered as components of economic sustainability in rural areas of Iran. The results of the evaluation based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) show that, according to rural planning experts, the impact of social and economic components on the sustainability of rural settlements is of the same degree and are not significantly different in terms of importance. In the ranking of the effect of components of social sustainability, the sub-criteria of education has the most impact and the criterion of unemployment rate is the most effective component in the economic sustainability of rural settlements in the country. In general, the results show that both social and economic sustainability criteria should be definitely considered in rural settlements in parallel.Keywords: Village, Sustainable Rural Development, Social Sustainability, Economic Sustainability.
خلاصه ماشینی:
در پژوهشي ديگر (اکبريان رونيزي و شيخ بيگلو، ١٣٩٤: ٤٣)، با عنوان تحليل و اولويت بندي پايداري اجتماعي با نمونۀ موردي دهستان قلعه بيابان شهرستان داراب ، از سيزده شاخص برون گرايي و تعامل پذيري، رضايت از مسکن ، رضايت از دسترسي به خدمات ، رضايت از عملکرد نهادها، تعلق مکاني، مشارکت اجتماعي، اعتماد اجتماعي، ترس از شيوع ناهنجاريهاي اجتماعي، رضايت از شغل و درآمد، احساس خوشبختي، اميد به آينده ، مسئوليت پذيري، و احساس محروميت براي بررسي و ارزيابي پايداري اجتماعي در اين مناطق بهره گرفته شده است .
ازاين رو، شناخت معيارهاي پايداري اقتصادي در فرايند توسعۀ روستايي بسيار ضروري و مؤثر است ، زيرا اين امر علاوه برآنکه در ميزان سنجش توسعه يافتگي يا عقب ماندگي نواحي روستايي مؤثر است ، در برنامه ريزي براي رفع مشکلات و بهبود سکونتگاه هاي روستايي به کمک برنامه ريزان توسعۀ روستايي خواهد شتافت (ملکي و بيگدلي راد، ١٣٩٥: ١٢).
ازاين رو، معيارهاي پايداري اجتماعي و اقتصادي در مناطق روستايي براساس مرور مقالات معتبر در اين زمينه و با بهره گيري از نظر متخصصان توسعه و برنامه ريزي روستايي به ترتيب در شکل هاي ١ و ٢ ارائه ميشود.
در ادامه اين معيارها براساس آراي متخصصان توسعه و برنامه ريزي روستايي به روش تحليل سلسله مراتبي ارزيابي شدند و رتبه بندي ميزان تأثيرگذاري آن ها بر پايداري اجتماعي و اقتصادي مناطق روستايي ايران تعيين گرديد.