تبیین مدیریت راهبردی بحران با رویکرد تاب‌آوری شهری (مطالعه موردی: بافت فرسوده شهر اهواز) مقاله

ایمنی شهرها به‌ویژه بافت فرسوده و تاریخی در برابر مخاطرات و میزان تاب‌آوری آن‌ها یکی از اهداف برنامه‌ریزی شهری بوده و در این راستا اولین گام، اطلاع از میزان تاب‌آوری شهرها در برابر مخاطرات است. ازاین‌رو در این پژوهش با استفاده از مدل SWOT به بررسی و تحلیل نقاط قوت، ضعف، فرصت و تهدید پیش روی مدیریت بحران در بافت فرسوده هسته مرکزی شهر اهواز پرداخته شده و راهبردهایی جهت مدیریت بهینه و سریع بحران در محدوده مذکور ارائه گردیده است. این پژوهش ازلحاظ هدف از نوع کاربردی و از حیث روش تحقیق، توصیفی- تحلیلی است. رویکرد حاکم بر این پژوهش از نوع اسنادی و میدانی (پرسشنامه) است. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل کارشناسان شهرسازی و معماری معاونت شهرسازی شهرداری و شهرداری منطقه یک اهواز می‌شوند که تعداد 36 نفر را شامل می‌شوند؛ و به‌منظور تجزیه‌وتحلیل اطلاعات از مدل تحلیل راهبردی SWOT استفاده شده است. بر اساس نتایج پژوهش، وضعیت مدیریت بحران و میزان تاب‌آوری در هسته مرکزی شهر اهواز در موقعیت تهاجمی- رقابتی قرار دارد و بایستی از توانمندی‌ها و پتانسیل‌های موجود در هسته مرکزی شهر اهواز و فرصت‌های پیش رو به نحو احسن استفاده کرد تا بتوانیم در امر مدیریت بحران موفق باشیم؛ بنابراین، توجه به مسئله تاب‌آوری در راستای مدیریت بحران هسته مرکزی شهر اهواز به‌واسطه وجود آثار و ابنیه ارزشمند تاریخی و فرهنگی و همچنین ویژگی‌های کالبدی این محدوده به‌عنوان مسائل مهم مطرح می‌باشند.

1 Introduction Considering the area of crisis management in the textures and inner spaces of cities, especially worn-out textures and unfortunately low-strength materials and incompatibility with the urban transport networkis of great importance in times of crisis such as earthquakes. The main part of worn-out textures is often the primary and historical core of cities; on the one hand for a variety of reasons, includes properties that are regarded as the identity, wealth and heritage of the city and its inhabitants, and on the other, investment in these areas  would be economically viable. However, due to the lack of proper attention of the authorities and the lack of proper planning, these textures are plagued with problems such as reduced livelihoods among residents, social deviations, lack of services and facilities, poor user performance and so on. These problems are associated with physical exhaustion, including low pedestrian width and high maze, large number of buildings lacking provincial systems. The micro-erosion of buildings has increased the vulnerability of the tissues and has doubled the problems and unexpected issues during the unexpected events. In recent years, disaster reduction agencies have focused much of their efforts on achieving a resilient disaster community in which earthquakes have priority over other disasters due to widespread damage and social anomalies. As societies have resilience to natural disasters, the present study aims at identifying and analyzing the factors affecting urban resilience in times of crisis, identifying the strengths and weaknesses, assessing the opportunities and threats during the hazards, and formulating an appropriate strategy to give resilience to the worn texture of the central core of Ahvaz. 2 Materials and Methods This study is descriptive-analytical surveys and field studies are used to collect the required data. The statistical population of the study includes experts in the urban planning and architecture of Ahvaz Municipality. Therefore, to come up with a more comprehensive and fact-based view, questionnaires were distributed among the statistical population, and focusing on the experts’ views and opinions the data were collected to indicate the weighting of the indicators. The data were then analyzed using the SWOT model and the weaknesses, strengths, opportunities and threats within the desired range in times of crisis were identified. 3 Results and Discussion The core resilience of Ahvaz City during the crisis is probably due to the tissue burnout and the presence of valuable historical, cultural and religious artifacts such as the designated Caravanserai, the Mahdian Balcony, the Swan Hotel, the Talibzadeh Mosque and the crossing of the Ahvaz Fault. Lack of attention to the crisis management in this area causes damages to the lower resistance blocks and housing, the damage to historical, cultural and religious monuments and buildings has caused a lot of physical damage to the inhabitants of the tissue in crises such as floods, earthquakes, storms, war. On the other hand, the central core of Ahvaz City, despite its high vulnerability during the crisis, has some potentials as well, such as the existence of railways, subways, taxis and bus stations, hospitals in the vicinity, enhancing relief in the area. The shortage of schools and educational places in the area makes the death toll lower during the crisis. Villas and open spaces can be used in various stages of crisis and relief. The diversity of ethnicities, religions, economic, historical values and the tendency for improvement and modernization in this area increases the officials' motivation to pay more attention to this area in times of crisis.According to the results of this study, the situation of crisis management and the resilience in the core of Ahvaz is in an aggressive-competitive position and in order to become successful we need to use the potentials of the core of Ahvaz and the opportunities effectively. 4 Conclusion The results show that the situation of crisis management and resilience in the central core of Ahvaz is in an aggressive-competitive position. In order to increase resilience in the worn out core tissue of Ahvaz, the following is suggested: Investigate the zoning of urban housing vulnerabilities, for example, in term of crisis management Develop comprehensive and coordinated scientific studies to better understand and prioritize the subject and the types of risks facing in the study area Increase coordination between the responsible organizations and develop programs aimed at enhancing the context and institutional relationships Proper distribution of large scale business and production centers in relation to adjacent areas to reduce congestion in the study area Establish a physical, spatial and communication link between the study area and the surrounding area by continuing to integrate the main neighborhoods to provide more effective relief in times of crisis Finally, develop plans and programs aimed at raising the public awareness of the crisis and the various stages of crisis management  

از سوی دیگر، وجود واحدهای متروکـه ، مخروبـه و قـدمت زیـاد واحـدهای ساختمانی، استفاده از مصالح کم دوام و فرسوده شدن این مصالح در طول زمان و همچنین با توجـه بـه سـرازیر شـدن جمعیت انسانی در بیشتر ساعات شبانه روز و علاوه جمعیت سـاکن در ایـن محـدوده لـزوم بررسـی آسـیب پذیری و تاب آوری این محدوده در مقابل آسیب های طبیعی و انسانی را دو چندان مینماید. ازاین رو پژوهش حاضـر بـا هـدف شناسایی و تحلیل عوامل مؤثر بر میزان تاب آوری شهری در هنگام بحران ، شناسـایی نقـاط قـوت و ضـعف و بررسـی فرصت ها و تهدیدها در هنگام مخاطرات و تدوین راهبرد مناسب جهت تاب آور نمودن بافت فرسوده هسـته مرکـزی شهر اهواز شکل گرفته است . در صورت مداخله زمان به عنوان عنصر کلیدی مؤثر بر کیفیت تـاب آوری در مفهـوم تـاب آوری می تـوان این مفهوم را در سه شکل تعریف نمود: الف ) تاب آوری آینده نگرانه که به توسعه ظرفیت های احتمالی مورد نیـاز بـرای مدیریت بلایا در آینده اهتمام دارد، ب ) تاب آوری همزمان که مهارت های مقابلـه همزمـان شـهر و شـهروندان در برابـر حوادث را مدنظر قرار می دهد و ج ) تاب آوری گذشته نگر که با تمرکـز بـه برگشـت پذیری و بهبـودی پـس از آسـیب ناشی از بلایا قابل شناخت است (٢٠٠٦,Izadkhah &Davis ).