چکیده:
هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی اثربخشی آموزش مهارتهای خودتعیینگری بر خودنظمدهی-تحصیلی (نظمدهی بیرونی، نظمدهی درونفکن، نظمدهی همانندسازی و نظمدهی درونی) و ابعاد سرسختی روان شناختی (چالش، تعهد و کنترل) دانشآموزان بود. پژوهش حاضر از نوع نیمه-آزمایشی با طرح پیشآزمون-پسآزمون با گروه کنترل بود که در آن آموزش مهارتهای خودتعیینگری به عنوان متغیر مستقل و انواع خودنظمدهی تحصیلی و ابعاد سرسختی روان-شناختی به عنوان متغیرهای وابسته در نظر گرفته شدند. آزمودنیها شامل 120 دانشآموز پایۀ هشتم شهر شیراز در سال تحصیلی 97-1396 بودند که به صورت نمونهگیری تصادفی خوشهای انتخاب شدند. به این معنا که ابتدا دو مدرسۀ دخترانه و دو مدرسۀ پسرانه به صورت تصادفی از مدارس دورۀ اول متوسطه شهر شیراز انتخاب شدند. سپس کلاسهای پایۀ هشتم این مدارس به طور تصادفی به گروههای آزمایش و کنترل (دو گروه آزمایش و دو گروه کنترل) اختصاص یافتند. قبل از شروع آموزش، پرسشنامۀ خودنظمدهی تحصیلی ریان و کانل، و پرسشنامۀ زمینهیابی دیدگاههای شخصی کوباسا، بر گروههای آزمایش و کنترل اجرا شد. سپس طی 10 جلسه به گروههای آزمایش، مهارتهای خودتعیینگری مطابق با مدل فیلد و هافمن (1994) آموزش داده شد و در پایان پسآزمون از همه گروهها به عمل آمد. اطلاعات با استفاده از روش آماری تحلیل کواریانس چندمتغیری و تحلیل کواریانس تکمتغیری مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافتههای پژوهش نشان داد که آموزش مهارتهای خودتعیینگری به نحو معنیداری منجر به کاهش نظمدهی بیرونی، نظمدهی درونفکن و نظمدهی همانندسازی و افزایش نظمدهی درونی میشود. همچنین، آموزش مهارتهای خودتعیینگری، ابعاد سرسختی روانشناختی را در دانشآموزان به نحو معنیداری افزایش میدهد. نتایج این پژوهش حاکی از اهمیت مهارتهای-خودتعیینگری در برنامۀ درسی به منظور ارتقاء خودنظمدهی و سرسختی روانشناختی دانشآموزان است.
Introduction One of the main objectives of curricula is to create self-regulation ability in students and increase their perseverance and commitment to the fulfillment of academic activities. It seems that the development and improvement of the motivational skills, which provide students with the opportunities of selectivity, control, supervision, and competence exposure, can assist them with the compilation of goals, identification of the necessary steps towards goal attainment, solving of problems, and removal of the impediments to achieving these goals, and this issue is realized by increases in some skills such as self-determination. Self-determination is a metatheory about human motivation. It is evolved out of the studies on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and extensively applied to successes in relationships with parents, education, healthcare, sports, and psychotherapy. In step with the self-determination theory, humans are innately active and enjoy a natural desire for learning and growth. Recent investigations have rendered encouraging evidence respecting the effectiveness of training self-determination skills. With regard to the positive consequences of self-determination, the educational system must pave the way for students to become self-determinant. Indeed, the fostering of self-determination skills in educational environments helps students improve their quality of life, operate independently in their lives, have the maximum control over and responsibility for their lives, and increment their rate of participation in and cooperation with curriculum development and decision-making in educational processes. The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of training self-determination skills on students’ academic self-regulation (external regulation, internalized regulation, identified regulation, and internal regulation) and development of psychological hardiness (challenge, commitment, and control). Research Hypothesis 1-Training self-determination skills lead to decrease of students’ extrinsic regulation, interjected regulation, identified regulation and increase of their intrinsic regulation 2-Self-determination skills training leads to increase of students’ psychological hardiness (commitment, challenge and control). Research method The current study was quasi-experimental with pre-test post-test design and control group in which self-determination skills training, was considered as independent variable, and types of academic self-regulation (extrinsic regulation, interjected regulation, identified regulation and intrinsic regulation) and dimensions of psychological hardiness (commitment, challenge and control) were considered as dependent variables. The subjects included 120 eighth-grade students in Shiraz city in the academic year of 2018-19. In order to select subjects, four schools (two girl schools and two boy schools) were selected from junior high schools. One class of eight grade was selected from every school. Classes assigned to experimental and control groups (two experimental groups and two control groups), randomly. Prior to the beginning of the training, the Academic Self-Regulation Questionnaire (Ryan & Connell, 1989) and the Personal Views Survey Questionnaire (Kobasa et al., 1990) were administered to experimental and control groups. Self-determination skills were taught to experimental groups during 10 sessions and then post-test was performed on experimental and control groups. Self-determination skills were taught through the design and application of a training package based on the principles and elements of the model (Field & Hoffman, 1994) and its adaptation to the normal student sample. In the Field and Hoffman model, these steps include knowing oneself and one's environment, valuing oneself, planning, acting, the outcome of experience, and learning. Results Data were analyzed by using statistical method of MANCOVA and ANCOVA statistical analysis methods. Findings showed self-determination skills training result to reduce extrinsic regulation, interjected regulation, and identified regulation and increase intrinsic regulation, significantly. Also, self-determination skills training increased student's psychological hardiness and its dimensions (commitment, challenge and control). Discussion The present study presents evidence concerning the effectiveness of training self-determination skills on academic self-regulation and psychological hardiness. The majority of studies conducted in this area, especially in Iran, are correlational, which limits the possibility of the causative interpretation of the results. However, the present study measures trained self-determination skills and their effects on academic self-regulation and psychological hardiness. The results of the study revealed the importance of noticing self-determination skills in curriculum development since these skills enhance students’ self-regulation and increase their psychological hardiness. In this method, due to the learner-centered nature of the self-determination approach, students are divided into small groups and given problems that are to be solved by group work, discussion, and public participation. During this process, the problems are evaluated and analyzed by the use of discussions and negotiations. In fact, students’ senses of further belongingness to the school and class activities and interests in reviewing and revising learning processes are the consequences of these activities. Lastly, self-determination training helps individuals with better recognition of their worldviews, strengths, weaknesses, and goals. This awareness can give rise to psychological hardiness and transform them into self-regulated individuals. As practically possible, curriculums should include self-determination skills training and textbooks should contain motivational steps of self-determination skills. This can be achieved through the training of specialized and experienced educators in the field of self-determination education and the holding of part-time training workshops in schools.
خلاصه ماشینی:
پژوهش حاضر از نوع نيمه -آزمايشي با طرح پيش آزمون -پس آزمون با گروه کنترل بود که در آن آموزش مهارت هاي خودتعيين گري به عنوان متغير مستقل و انواع خودنظم دهي تحصيلي و ابعاد سرسختي روان -شناختي به عنوان متغيرهاي وابسته در نظر گرفته شدند.
نتايج اين پژوهش حاکي از اهميت مهارت هاي -خودتعيين گري در برنامۀ درسي به منظور ارتقاء خودنظم دهي و سرسختي روان شناختي دانش آموزان است .
از آنجايي که دستيابي به اين تواناييها مستلزم برخورداري از انگيزش دروني و پافشاري در مسير دستيابي به اهداف است ,Williams &lez, Swanson, Lynch Gonza) ,)٢٠١٦ لذا به نظر ميرسد با ايجاد و بهبود مهارت هاي انگيزشي در برنامۀ درسي که فرصت انتخاب گري، کنترل ، نظارت و به نمايش گذاشتن شايستگيها را براي دانش آموزان فراهم ميکند، ميتوان آن ها را در پرورش اين تواناييها ياري رساند.
پژوهش حاضر از جمله پژوهش هايي است که با استفاده از روش آزمايشي به بررسي تأثير آموزش مهارت هاي خودتعيين گري بر ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 1 - autonomy 2 - competence 3 - relatedness خودنظم دهي تحصيلي و سرسختيروان شناختي پرداخته ، و روابط علي بين اين متغيرها را روشن ساخته است .
همچنين ، مهارت هاي خودتعيين گري از طريق ايجاد شرايط استفاده از تکنيک هاي هدف گذاري، برنامه ريزي ، پيش بيني نتايج ، نظارت بر فرآيندهاي يادگيري و عمل کردن )٢٠١٢ ,Hoffman &Field )، بستر مناسبي را براي افزايش خودنظم دهي تحصيلي دانش آموزان فراهم مي کند.