چکیده:
فعل سبک فارسی در طول زمان به لحاظ بسامد کاربرد و انواع آن دچار تطور شده است. مطالعه تغییرات بسامدی و انواع فعل سبک رایج در دورههای طولانی تاریخ تطور زبان فارسی امری معقول به نظر میرسد، اما مطالعه افعال سبک در دوره زمانی نسبتاً کوتاه حدوداً یک قرن برای تحولات نحوی امری جالب توجه میباشد که تحقیق حاضر به آن پرداخته است. بررسی در زمانی میزان کاربرد فعل سبک فارسی در دورههای مختلف میتواند ظهور و شکل گیری فعل سبک زبان فارسی را نشان دهد. بنابراین بررسی تعداد وقوع برخی از افعال سبک طی یک قرن میتواند به کشف چگونگی روند سبک شدن آنها بیانجامد. به این منظور در این پژوهش، در پنج دوره 15000 فعل (ساده /مرکب) از متون روزنامهای استخراج گردیده؛ سپس پنج فعل سبک «داشتن، آمدن، آوردن، گرفتن و دیدن» که از افعال سبک فارسی به حساب میآید، در طول یک قرن (1220-1320) در پنج دوره مورد بررسی قرار گرفتهاند. با تحلیل افعال مرکب به دستآمده درهر دوره میزان افعال هم به لحاظ «نوع» و هم به لحاظ «رخداد» مشخص گردیده است. این پژوهش نشان میدهد که فعل «داشتن» فعل سبک اصلی در هر پنج دوره مورد بررسی بوده است. همچنین فعل «دیدن» در سه دوره آخر کاربردی از آن به عنوان فعل سبک مشاهده نشده است؛ در صورتیکه در دو دوره اول رواج داشته است، که نشان میدهد در دورههای اولیه به عنوان فعل سبک رواج داشته ولی به مرور زمان کاربرد فعل واژگانی پیدا کرده است. این پژوهش همچنین نشان میدهد که بسامد فعل سبک در دورههای پنجگانه مورد بررسی دارای نوساناتی میباشد، ولی میتوان از نظم حاصل از تغییرات بسامدی قواعدی استخراج و نتایجی مطرح نمود.
Persian light verbs have changed in terms of frequency of use in the course of time. The study of frequency changes of various common light verbs in the long history of Persian language seems reasonable, but the study of light verbs in the course of a relatively short period (a century) for the purpose of showing syntactic changes, can be a matter of significance. The present study deals with such topic. A diachronic study of the use of Persian light verbs in different periods sheds light on the processes leading to the formation of light verbs. In fact, studying the frequency of a number of light verbs during a century can lead to the discovery of how they turned into light verbs. Our purpose in this study is to analyze five Persian light verbs dаstan (have), аmadan (come), аvardan (bring), gereftan (take) and didan (see) in five periods during a century (1220-1320 AH). In this study, 15000 simple and complex predicates, extracted from newspaper texts, have carefully been analyzed. In each period, the number of complex predicates based on type and token has been identified. This study shows that the light verb dаstan has been regarded as the main light verb in the periods under study. This study also shows that the verb didan hasn't been used as a light verb in the last three periods, while it has been commonly used as light verb in the primary periods and has turned into a lexical verb in the course of time. This study also shows that the frequency of the mentioned light verbs during five periods indicates fluctuation; however, it is possible to reach a reasonable conclusion through a well-disciplined procedure. Key words: light verb, frequency, diachronic, type, token, predicate, Persian Introduction It is quite evident that the concept ‘verb’ denotes action and state at any rate in most languages. If we consider, for instance, the verb didan in Persian in the sentence [Ali film rа did. / Ali saw the film.], we find that the simple verb [did/saw], based on its semantic features, involves different arguments; in fact, this verb requires an external argument as "seer" (Ali) and an internal argument as "seen" (the film). Of course, this characteristic indicates the verb valence. Then, considering the verb [did] (saw) in the sentence [Ali аsib did./Ali was hurt], we find that the verb [did] is accompanied by a preverbal element "noun" and involves just the external argument and has become void of semantic content to a great extent; that is, its meaning is conceptually lightened. In fact, the light verb [did] acts as a verb maker in the sentence and, at the same time, cannot assign theta role to an internal argument and consequently dose not demand an internal argument. LVs are defined as constructions with a limited or even no semantic content, Brugman (2001); they have ever been challenging for linguists and linguistics theories. From the time, the term "light verb" was brought forth for discussion by Jespersen (1940), it has mainly been considered as a specific category and, unlike other linguistic categories, does not have the so-called syntactic and semantic features. Grammarians and linguists have different opinions about complex predicates; some are definitely sure of their being existent in Persian language and have begun to define them; some have doubts about their existence, and some others, in addition to defining them, consider them as having various kinds. Many Persian grammarians have paid considerable attention to the verb construction and have divided them into simple, prefixal and compound verbs. Homayun Farox (1958, 469-470) names some verbs having various concepts other than their real meanings; these verbs are accompanied by other preverbal elements such as [nouns, adjectives, adverbs] to make new complex predicates. He, pointing out the complex predicates as [qasam xordan ‘swear’, qebteh xordan ‘envy’, zamin xordan ‘fall’, etc.], states that the basic meaning of the verbal element in these complex predicates isn't intended; the intention is just to make a new verb which does not have a spontaneous existence in Persian. He is also of the opinion that it is possible to change intransitive verbs into transitive ones and vice versa with such LVs. Materials & Method In this article, five Persian light verbs including dаstan (have), аmadan (come), аvardan (bring), gereftan (take), didan (see) in five periods during a century (1841-1941). To this aim, we search certain Persian newspapers published between 1841- 1941. For the five periods we searched serial newspapers VAQAYE- ETFAGIYE (1831s), AKHTAR (1851s), TARBIYAT (1871s), SOORO-E ESRAFIL (1891s) and CHEHRE NEMA (1911s) respectively. Three thousand verbs were randomly extracted and recorded. Then, all light and lexical verbs were analyzed by a software called Ant Conc. First, simple light and lexical verbs are analyzed. Then complex predicates will be carefully analyzed. Table one compares the light verbs dаstan (have), аmadan (come), аvardan (bring), gereftan (take), didan (see) with respect to their frequency during the five distinct periods. The light verb dаstan (have) is the most frequent in all five periods. Its frequency is 104, 80, 120, 105, 107 times in the five periods respectively. dаstan alone accounts for at least %56 of light verb uses in each period. In the first and second periods dаstan is more frequent than other light verbs in complex predicates. The second rank in use is for аmadan whose frequency is 54, 26, 31, 20 and 21 respectively. The third light verb under study is the verb аvardan (bring), which, with respect to its usage frequency and rank, shows a decreasing trend as having 25%, 16%, 15%, 10% and 11% occurrences respectively from the first to the last period. The fourth light verb under study is the verb didan (see) which has been mainly used as a lexical verb. The last verb under study is the light verb is gereftan (take) with the occurrences of 6%, 10%, 11%, 16% and 13% respectively from the first to the last period, has almost changed to a light verb. The data in table (1) indicate that this verb has proved to be a lexical verb in the first and second periods, then from the third period onwards, it has formally changed into the light verb. Conclusion In this article, about 60 complex constructions consisting of the LVs dаstan (have), аmadan (come), аvardan (bring), gereftan (take), didan (see) along with their preverbal elements, extracted from different newspapers, have been carefully investigated in the course of five periods in a century (1841-1941). This research shows fundamental differences among these light verbs in relation with their usage frequencies, in a way that the light verb dаstan (have) accounted for having the highest usage frequencies within these five periods as a whole, devotes nearly two third of all the complex predicate constructions to itself. The next light verb standing the second rank, is the LV аmadan (come) which can be regarded as devoting more than %16 of all the light verbs to itself. Then the light verb аvardan (bring), which is regarded as devoting more than 14% of all the complex constructions to itself. The LV gereftan (take), devotes more than 12% of all complex construction to itself. The LV verb didan (see) has devoted only %.2 of usage to itself within the century under study; this shows that the LVs didan (see) hasn't been really recognized as formal light verb in the course of these periods under study.
خلاصه ماشینی:
A comparison between the number of the light verb occurrences جدول (١) و نمودار (١) نشانگر مقایسه میان فعل های سبک «داشتن ، آمدن ، آوردن ، دیدن و گرفتن » به لحاظ تعداد وقوع در طول پنج دورة موردبررسی است .
The proportion of the total occurrences of the light verbs in complex predicates in each period (به تصویر صفحه مراجعه شود) در جدول فوق ، نسبت تعداد وقوع هر فعل سبک به مجموع تعداد وقوع فعل سبک نشان داده شده است .
سپس ، فعل مرکب «موقوف داشتن » در مقایسه با دوره های دوم ، چهارم و پنجم که وقوعی نداشته و دورة سوم با تعداد وقوع ١ همچنین در رتبۀ بالاتری قرارمیگیرد.
فعل مرکب «مراقبت داشتن » در مقایسه با دوره های دوم ، چهارم و پنجم که وقوعی نداشته ، در رتبۀ بالاتر، و در مقایسه با دورة سوم با تعداد وقوع ٣ در رتبۀ پایین تری قرار میگیرد.
ابتدا وقوع فعل مرکب «برف آمدن »، در مقایسه با دوره های سوم ، چهارم و پنجم که وقوعی نداشته و دورة دوم با تعداد وقوع ١، در سطح بالاتری قرار میگیرد.
سپس ، وقوع فعل مرکب «حاصل آمدن »، در مقایسه با وقوع آن در دورة دوم با تعداد وقوع ٤ در رتبۀ پایین تر و در مقایسه با دوره های سوم ، چهارم و پنجم که وقوعی نداشته از رتبۀ بالاتری برخوردار است .
In Proceedings of the Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (Vol. 1) edited by D.