چکیده:
خوشنویسی به عنوان یکی از مهمترین هنرهای اسلامی، از سدههای اولیۀ دوران اسلامی تا به امروز، تحولات تاریخی و اجتماعی بسیاری را از سر گذرانده است که میتوان این تحولات را ذیل گفتمانهای حاکم بر خوشنویسی در ادوار مختلف بازخوانی کرد. هدف پژوهش حاضر با فرض وجود نوعی گفتمان علمی- هندسی در سدههای میانه، بازشناخت این گفتمان و استخراج ویژگیهای آن در متون مربوط به خوشنویسی است. گفتمانی که به مرور بر اثر ترجمۀ متون یونانی و تألیف متون علمی توسط دانشمندان اسلامی و به طور کلی اهمیت یافتن علمگرایی و عقلگرایی در جامعۀ اسلامی سدههای میانه شکل گرفت. از متون و رسالههای باقیمانده از دانشمندان و نویسندگان این دوره و همچنین آرای پژوهشگران هنر اسلامی، استنباط میشود که تعاملی جدی میان علوم ریاضی با اقسام صنایع، مشاغل و رشتههای علمی وجود داشته است. در همین راستا، هندسه و ریاضیات عامل بسیار مهمی در تدوین و تکامل خطوط اسلامی نیز بودهاند. بنابراین در این پژوهش با استفاده از روش تاریخی و اتخاذ رویکرد تحلیل گفتمان، با تأکید بر متون و رسالههای خوشنویسی، به استخراج و بازشناخت ویژگیهای گفتمان علمی- هندسی در خوشنویسی اسلامی سدههای چهارم تا هشتم هجری پرداخته شده است.
alligraphy holds a unique place in Islamic arts
and has been influenced substantially by historical
and social factors from the early centuries up to the
present. An important part of these factors has not been
studied mainly due to the singular, concentrated point of
view prevalent in common approaches to the study of
Islamic calligraphy. A different approach is to not only
take into account the historical evolutions that have taken
place, but also to review the dominant discourses on
the calligraphy during different historical periods. One
of the discourses that has dominated the Islamic calligraphy,
especially from the fourth to the eighth AH centuries
(10th-15th A.D), is a scientific-geometric (Sci-Geo)
discourse. The impact of the Sci-Geo discourse is not
limited to Islamic calligraphy, and in fact, has resulted
in a wide-ranging influence on a variety of practical and
theoretical fields. The birth of the Sci-Geo discourse can
be traced back to Islamic translation movement during
which the Greek scientific texts were translated. At the
same time, the writing and publications of the scientific
texts by the Islamic scholars, especially on mathematics
and geometry gave rise to the Sci-Geo discourse. Indeed,
the Sci-Geo discourse was a result of widespread
rationalism and Scientism among the Islamic communities
in the Middle Ages. Therefore, a careful study of
the calligraphy treaties and texts from various fields that
have been produced during that era presents a unique
and distinct opportunity to understand the features of the
Sci-Geo discourse. By reviewing the remaining texts of
scholars of this period, such as encyclopedias and mathematical
manuals, as well as referring to the opinions of
contemporary Islamic art scholars, it is concluded that
there is a very serious and profound interplay between
mathematical and geometrical sciences with various industries,
crafts, sciences and arts in the Islamic Middle
Ages. In this regard, geometry has been a decisive factor
in the innovations, evolution, and developments that
have taken place in Islamic scripts. Actually, Islamic calligraphy,
synchronous with the scientific development
of the Islamic society, has undergone many scientific
changes the most important of which is the invention of
the “Six scripts” by Ibn Muqla based on the geometric
proportional system in the fourth AH century. This geometric
system of the calligraphy, also known as the “proportional
script”, was followed by the efforts of other
calligraphers and is considered as a revolutionary step
in the history of Islamic calligraphy. Therefore, in this
investigation, by referring to several authentic and significant
texts from the prominent scholars of the Middle
Ages, as well as the specialized calligraphy treatises, we
extracted and recognized the features of the Sci-Geo discourse
in Islamic calligraphy treatises from the fourth to
eighth AH centuries. These features are in distinct contrast
with the discursive features of the Safavid calligraphy
treatises. These mystical ideas in the Safavid treatises
have been formed in a Sufic discourse in opposition
to the Sci-Geo discourse, which also has a direct impact
on the of Islamic calligraphy until now, in regards to its
creation and interpretation.