چکیده:
مسجد جامع ارومیه معروف به مسجد جمعه (جمعه مسجدی)، در دورههای مختلف شکل گرفته، بهگونهای که هر بخش از آن مربوط به دورهای خاص میباشد. محراب مسجد در بخش گنبدخانه قرار گرفته و دارای نقوش تزئینی زیادی از انواع هندسی و اسلیمی است؛ که علاوه بر نمایش ویژگیهای هنر گچبری عصر ایلخانی تاثیرات دوران قبل از خود یعنی سلجوقی و دوران قبل از اسلام به ویژه دوره ساسانی هم درآن دیده میشود. علاوه بر کثرت نقوش تزئینی و ظرافت بکار رفته در این محراب، استفاده از انواع اقلام خطی همچون کوفی، ثلث و رقاع نیز در تاثیر گذاری آن بر مخاطب اهمیت زیادی دارد. هدف از این پژوهش شناخت آرایههای تزئینی متأثر از نقوش تزئینی وابسته به معماری ساسانی موجود در محراب مسجد جامع ارومیه میباشد. براین اساس این پژوهش در پی پاسخگویی بدین پرسشهاست: الف- آیا نقشمایه ها وآرایههای بکار رفته در تزئینات محراب مسجد جامع ارومیه متاثر از نقش مایههای دوراه ساسانی است؟ ب- نقشمایههای اقتباس شده از دوره ساسانی در محراب مسجد جامع ارومیه مشتمل بر کدام عناصر است؟ برای پاسخ یه این پرسشها از روش توصیفی-تطبیقی استفاده شده و اطلاعات مورد نیاز به صورت ترکیبی (کتابخانهای و میدانی) گردآوری شدهاند. نتایج نشان میدهد که آرایههای بکار رفته متاثر از دوره ساسانی است و نقوش گیاهی موجود در گچبریهای دوره ساسانی مانند دهن اژدری و خرطوم فیلی در محراب مسجد به شکل اسلیمی و ختایی و در قالب انواع سراسلیمیها مانند دهن اژدری و خرطوم فیلی با جزئیات زیاد تکامل یافته و در زمینه این نقوش نیز از خطوط ثلث و کوفی نیز استفاده شده است. نقوش هندسی نیز شکل پیچیدهتر نقوش هندسی عصر ساسانی را به نمایش میگذارد و از اشکال دایره و مثلث بسیار استفاده شده است.. همچنین نقش هایی مانند گل چندپر یا گلچه با تعداد گلبرگهای متغیّر ششتایی، هشتتایی و شانزدهتایی در بسیاری موارد با تغییراتی، بهنوعی مشابه با همان اشکال و فرم سابق به کار گرفته شدهاند. علاوه بر آن استفاده از نقش برگ نخل، طرح قاشقی، گل چندپر و برخی نقوش همچون نقش گل انار بهسادگی بسیار در ستوننماهای محراب اجرا شدهاند. افزون براین طرح بسیاری از نقوش گیاهی دوران ساسانی مانند نقش درختان مو، انار، نخل و برگهای کنگر در ترکیب با طرحهای اسلیمی در محراب مسجد دیده میشوند.
Sasanian art, and especially its architecture , which was influenced by the art of other tribes and civilization of its time, also had many innovations . various architectural fields have shown that one of them was the proper application of plaster in decoration of buildings. The Sassanid style of architecture provide a particularly suitable platform for the expansion of arrays, in which the architecture of the palaces and ceremonial halls was designed to combine various forms of luxury to form domes, arches, and heavywalls forming wide surfaces. In the Sassanid era, plaster work and plastering had an important place in the art of decoration and they have been masterpiece of their time .The decorative motifs used in many Sassanid monuments included , plant geometric, animal – human and linear motifs that have also influenced and expanded in the Islamic era. Altar of Urmia Grand Mosque, known as the Friday Mosque (Juma masjidi), has been formed in different periods, so that each part of it belongs to a specific period. orumiyeh mosque with the height of 7.82 cm and width of 5.48 cm as the oldest the altar dated to 676 AH during the illkhanid period was built by an architect named Abdolmoumen Sharaf shah Tabrizi. The technical skill used in plastering this altar in unique and its designs are more detailed and sophisticated then those of the pre- Seljuk period. This altar has special features of the illkhanid period, including : large dimension of the altar , fine-tuning and there is a lot of complexity in decorating.
In the ornamental designs of the altar the influences of the pre-self period, especially the Sassanid era can be seen in some motifs. Types of Islamic, geometric and plaster designs with special prominences are important in influencing the audience. The purpose of this study was to identify decorative arrays influenced by decorative motifs related to Sassanid architecture it is located in the altar of the orumiyeh mosque. Accordingly the following text questions have been raised: 1-Are the designs and decorations used in the decoration of the altar of the orumiyeh mosque influenced by the role of the Sassanid era themes? 2-What are the elements of the rituals of the sassanian period in the altar of the orumiyeh mosque?
A descriptive –comparative method was used to answer these questions and the required information was collected in a combination (library and field) The data gathering tool also includes photographic identification and photography and observation. To provide the possibility of comparing and matching first the information each decorative motifs of the altar of orumieh mosque and Sassanid architecture motifs classified individually and then to analyze the existing drawing , the tables were designed and drawings mentioned a comparative study has been carried out. The result show that the used arrays are influenced by the Sassanid period and the plant motifs found in the Sassanid period in the altar of the orumieh mosque. It has a very elaborate chalkboard and geometric patterns used in the altar. It exhibits a more sophisticated geometric pattern of the Sassanid era. In many cases , these motifs have been applied in a similar way to the same forms and motifs of the past. For example, the role of multipurpose or florets with varying number of petal ,octopus and hexagonal petals used in ornamental decorations of the Tisphon palace and the Tarkhan Ray palaces and the kish palaces ornamentation of the Sassanid period; abundant. In addition; the use of Sassanid motifs including palm leaves and spoon and flower design and some motifs like the role of the pomegranate flower that has long existed in Sassanid places ,easily worked in combination with other plant ,motifs ,many have been employed in altar columns. There are also many designs of plant motifs of the Sassanid era, including the role of hair trees, pomegranates ,palm trees and artichokes in combination with Islamic designed on the mosque altar. Leaves of multi –leafed palm trees in three, five or seven leaves in various forms . In the Sassanid period it covered the cornices , in the decoration of the altar inscriptions in combination with the lines used to appear in parts of the three-leaf palm leaf in its full form. The leaf of the three-leaf palm is halved and used in the form of a double leaf. Also the palm leaf ,sometimes solitary , is also used in cases with smaller palm leaves .
featured decorations on the palace of kish show various decorations on the leaves is. This single use of palm leaves can also be found in the altar of the orumiyeh mosque ,which has been used for geometric ornamentation. The geometric motifs used in altar from the Sassanid period were of immense complex and the circular and triangle shapes are widely used. Islamic motifs have been developed on the altar , and a variety of ceremonies such as the dragon’s mouth and elephant khartum have been used on the altar , and the third and kufic lines have also been used. Another point is that, among the decorative motifs of the altar , the elementary role and the simple way of flowering shah Abbasi is also seen on the sternum part of the altar of the orumiyeh mosque ,which is interesting in its kind.